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georgia
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73 total results foundAuthor: Proos, Ivi Title: Attitudes of Georgia's Population Towards Crime and Penal Policy Summary: This review is based on the materials of a sociological study and survey carried out in Georgia in July 2009. The review addresses the perception of crime, attitudes towards the penal policy in Georgia, and an analysis of the level of awareness of the people regarding information about the situation in prisons and detention facilities. Details: Tallinn: Estonian Institute for Open Society Research; Tbilisi, Georgia: Penal Reform International, Regional Office in the South Caucasus, 2009. 150p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2009 Country: Georgia Keywords: Fear of Crime (Georgia) Shelf Number: 118421 |
Author: Giragosian, Richard Title: Organized Crime and Illegal Trafficking in the Caucasus Summary: This issue discusses the security threats emanating from networks of crime and corruption in the South Caucasus. It analyzes the Goergian Mafia, their activities and evolution in the 1990s, and evaluates the success of Georgie's fight against organized crime. Details: Tbilisi: Heinrich Boll Foundation in Tbilisi, 2009. 15p. Source: Internet Resource; Caucasus Analytical Digest 09/09 Year: 2009 Country: Georgia Keywords: Corruption (Georgia) Shelf Number: 118407 |
Author: Penal Reform International Title: Assessment of Penal Legislation in Georgia Summary: This study identifies key areas for attention with respect to Georgia's compliance with relevant international standards relating to criminal justice and the penal system. Despite ongoing and planned developments, it remains a solid and still necessary contribution to, and reference document for discussions aimed at further improving Georgian criminal justice legislation and practice. In particular it facilitates transparency and the wide discussion among stakeholders that is of crucial importance in a democratic society. Details: Tbilisi, Georgia: Penal Reform International South Caucasus, 2009. 40p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2009 Country: Georgia Keywords: Criminal Justice System (Georgia) Shelf Number: 118588 |
Author: United Nations Children's Fund Title: Assessment of Juvenile Justice Reform Achievements in Georgia Summary: This report presents the findings of an assessment mission which took place from 28 March to 11 April 2009. The report assesses the progress that has been made in the juvenile justice system since Georgia gained independence in 1991 and offers a series of recommendations for the continued reform of juvenile justice in Georgia. Details: Geneva: UNICEF, 2010. 48p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2010 Country: Georgia Keywords: Juvenile Justice Reform Shelf Number: 119435 |
Author: Gogia, Giorgi Title: Administrative Error: Georgia’s Flawed System for Administrative Detention Summary: Georgian authorities have used the Code of Administrative Offenses in recent years to lock up protestors and activists at times of political tension. The code allows for a person to be imprisoned for up to 90 days for certain administrative offenses, or misdemeanors. However, as this report describes, the code lacks due process and fair trial protections required for punishment of this severity. It does not explicitly require that police promptly inform defendants of their rights or give reasons for their detention. Detainees are often not allowed to contact their families, and if retained, lawyers often have difficulties in finding detainees in custody. Nor do detainees enjoy fair trial rights in court. Trials are often perfunctory, rarely last more than 15 minutes, and judicial decisions often rely exclusively on police testimonies. If lawyers are present, they lack time to prepare an effective defense. Lawyers and their clients also face obstacles exercising the right to appeal. Those handed terms of administrative imprisonment serve sentences in temporary detention isolators not intended for long-term occupancy, where conditions often fall short of international standards. As a party to both the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights, Georgia should ensure full due process protections for administrative defendants, particularly with regard to the right to notify a third party about detention, the right to lawyer of one’s choosing, and the right to a fair trial. Details: New York: Human Rights Watch, 2012. 43p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 10, 2012 at: http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/georgia0112ForUpload.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Georgia Keywords: Administrative Detention (Georgia) Shelf Number: 123550 |
Author: Maskhulia, Mariam Title: Global Study on Sexual Exploitation of Children in Travel and Tourism. County-Specific Report: Georgia Summary: The Public Health Foundation of Georgia (PHF) conducted a qualitative research on Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in Georgia (CSEC), which contributed to the Global Study on the Sexual Exploitation of Children in Travel and Tourism (SECTT) that ECPAT International is currently undertaking. Implementation of the research was possible in the frames of the project "Reducing Violence against Children, with special focus on sexual exploitation of children and child sex tourism", which is carried out by PHF in partnership with Defence for Children - ECPAT Nederland. The research aimed at exploring the situation of children who are victims or at-risk of commercial sexual exploitation, social context in which such exploitations take place and what are the legal protections put in place to address the problem. Toward this end, twophase interventions were implemented. The first phase covered the desk-review process. In the second phase in-depth interviews with practitioners and decisionmakers, who work for and with children, were carried out and focus-group discussions were also held. The research found out that very little attention is given to CSEC, except the trafficking where extensive measures have been put in place both on legal and victims' protection levels. However, other manifestations of CSEC, such as child prostitution, child pornography and exploitation of children in travel and tourism have not yet deserved sufficient attention. This is a very first attempt to examine the CSEC nature in Georgia. Given research provides a general overview of the problem in Georgia and gathers opinions from child protection experts. It is believed that this report will serve as a pushing factor for further relevant and immediate actions to be undertaken in this direction towards going more into depth of the problem and setting up meaningful and feasible actions that will be carried out by responsible agencies in coordination. Unfortunately, children's protection from various manifestations of commercial sexual exploitation and sexual abuse is weak in much of the world despite the universal ratification of the CRC. Often, a harmonized legal framework is not accompanied by necessary EXECUTIVE SUMMARY changes to ensure implementation of effective policies, public awareness raising/prevention programs, professional training, services and practice. The nature of programmatic responses to child protection focus more on intervention than prevention, addressing the symptoms rather than improving the underlying systems that have failed to protect children. Taking into account the long-term consequences of commercial sexual exploitation of children, one could estimate why this issue is of current importance and why we should contribute to the protection of children from all its manifestations. Bearing in mind the gravity of CSEC crimes and its impact on children globally, the Committee on the Rights of the Child elaborated a separate Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography (hereinafter "OPSC" or "Optional Protocol"). Also comprehensive regional instrument was enacted to protect children from all forms of sexual abuse and exploitation, namely Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse (hereinafter "Lanzarote Convention"). There are number of measures and action plans developed on the global level, which call on states to undertake specific measures towards combating CSEC, particularly: The Stockholm Declaration and Agenda for Action, Yokohama and Rio World Congresses and call for global commitment. All children are at risk of violence, but the Global Survey confirms that today, as in 2006, the most vulnerable children are those at greatest risk of violence: those with disabilities, those who migrate, those who are confined to institutions, and those whose poverty and social exclusion expose them to deprivation, neglect and, at times, to the inherent dangers of life on the streets. The major problem of CSEC is its hidden nature. Nonreporting is the greatest challenge, which triggers numerous problems for the victims and their future life and unfortunately these life-long problems cannot be evaluated to understand the actual devastation of individual's lives across the universe. Georgian society is also facing the problem of non-reporting. The majority of the pull and push factors to CSEC unfortunately exist in Georgia thus provides ground to believe that the issue is more severe than it seems in reality. The ground for prioritizing CSEC exists in Georgia; however a political will is necessary to integrate this problem into the mainstream of relevant child protection and welfare policies and appropriate action plans. Unfortunately, no information is available on the situation of children from the separatist regions of South Ossetia and Abkhazia. What is known that rule of law and social protection of local population is quite weak, which raises sufficient doubt that children from these regions are likely to be affected by all forms of violence and exploitation. Summary of key findings: - There is a lack of evidence-based information on CSEC in Georgia, thus making it extremely difficult to provide substantial analysis of the issue; - The biggest challenge and the utmost need is that CSEC is not acknowledged as a problem in Georgia and efforts are directed towards combating trafficking in persons, while all other manifestations of CSEC are not sufficiently addressed; - There are some measures against sexual violence but under the boarder context of violence against children and specific measures for sexual abuse or CSEC are very limited or do not exist at all; - Child professionals in Georgia do not have special knowledge how to address the needs of children who are engaged in prostitution and services, social benefits and support programs offered by the Government or NGOs cannot 'compete' with lifestyle pursued by these children; - The average age of child's engagement in prostitution is 14-15 years and unplanned pregnancy among these children is common; - Professionals who work with children come into contact with children engaged in prostitution indirectly, i.e. interact with children who live or work on the streets in terms of fulfilling their basic needs, and not because of their engagement in prostitution; - Professionals necessitate knowledge not only in how to identify children affected by various forms of CSEC, but how to work with those who are already engaged in prostitution, are victim of child pornography, etc. This is a request of the professionals who see child prostitution as a problem, but do not have specialised knowledge and skills on the issue; - Preventive measures "not enough" and reporting mechanisms inadequate for responding CSEC needs; - There is a problem with the enforcement of CSEC-specific legislation and practice does not properly ensure rights of child to protection and rehabilitation. Details: Tbilisi, Georgia: Public Health Foundation of Georgia (PHF), 2015. 64. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 15, 2016 at: http://globalstudysectt.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/3.-SECTT-GEORGIA.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Georgia Keywords: Child Pornography Shelf Number: 147887 |
Author: Lynch, Margaret A. Title: National Study on Violence against Children in Georgia: 2007-2008 Summary: The Global Report on the United Nations Secretary-General's Study on Violence against Children brought to the attention of the whole world the high scale of all forms of violence against children. It encouraged and recommended countries to undertake further research and analysis on the magnitude of violence against children. The Study on Violence against Children in Georgia commissioned by UNICEF in collaboration with local governmental and non-governmental sectors and the International Society for the Prevention of Abuse and Neglect (ISPCAN) is therefore the result of these recommendations. The National Study on Violence against Children describes the scale of child abuse and neglect in families, schools, residential settings for children deprived of parental care, and collective centres for internally displaced persons throughout Georgia. It illustrates the experience of Georgian children living through violence and it provides directions for preventing violence and protecting children from its consequences. The Study reveals that the incidence of violence against children in Georgia is as high as all studied settings in Europe and in other countries where the same tool has been used. Overall, in the year 2007 approximately 80% of boys and girls in Georgia suffered from some form of physical and psychological violence (79.8% and 82.3% for physical and psychological violence). While the most common forms of reported physical punishments may not be considered severe (smacking on the bottom with a hand, pulling hair and twisting ears), there are instances of more severe forms. The most common psychological punishments are yelling, calling derisory names and cursing the child. There are also instances noted of positive discipline approaches, which need to be built upon and strengthened. Both Global and National studies published in Georgian and English, provide a strong basis for the development of policies aimed to protect children from violence and to prevent all forms of violence against children, raise public awareness, and train professionals working with children to take appropriate action. Both studies will guide the State and other entities to implement the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Details: Tbilisi: Public Health Foundation of Georgia (PHF), 2008. 156p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 15, 2016 at: http://phmdf.ge/22eng/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Violence_Study_ENG.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Georgia Keywords: Child Abuse and Neglect Shelf Number: 140310 |
Author: McAdam, Marika Title: Needs Assessment: Counter-trafficking response in Georgia Summary: This research was commissioned by the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and funded by the Member States through IOM’s internal funding mechanism, the IOM Development Fund. The purpose of the study was to: ● collect and synthesize stakeholder views of the current human trafficking landscape and responses thereto in the country/region; ● identify stakeholders’ perspectives on the trafficking situation and trends, as well as the gaps in relation to identification and referral, assistance and protection, and prevention and cooperation; and ● arrive at key conclusions and offer recommendations on how to strengthen existing responses, correct inappropriate processes, and address gaps at the domestic and, to the extent possible, regional levels. The secondary purpose of the study was to develop a rapid needs assessment tool (Counter-trafficking Needs Assessment Tool (CT-NAT)) that can be adapted to different countries and regions, and revise the tool on the basis of the experience using it in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. 1.2. Research methodology The needs assessment involved six key steps: 1) a desk review of key materials for the three countries; 2) development of the needs assessment tool; 3) incountry interviews; 4) dissemination of electronic surveys; 5) data entry, analysis of findings and drafting of the assessment report; and 6) validation of the assessment findings and recommendations at a series of three national workshops held in the study countries Details: Tbilisi, Georgia: International Organization for migration, 2016. 96p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 1, 2017 at: https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/counter_trafficking_georgia_en.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Georgia Keywords: Child Trafficking Shelf Number: 140784 |
Author: Marat, Erica Title: Reforming the Police in Post-Soviet States: Georgia and Kyrgyzstan Summary: In most Soviet successor states, the police (militia) are among the least trusted government agencies. The police are frequently seen as representatives of the state who are allowed to persecute ordinary citizens, extort bribes, and protect the real criminals. This leads to cycles of mutual antagonism in which society does not expect the police to perform their function properly, and the police are unable to enforce state regulation of society. In the examples of Georgia and Kyrgyzstan in this monograph, Dr. Erica Marat examines which domestic processes will likely fail and which have a chance to succeed in changing the postSoviet police from a punitive institution into a more democratic entity. Dr. Marat demonstrates that the fundamental element of police reform in the post-Soviet context must be a redefinition of what constitutes the legitimate use of violence against civilians to maintain order in everyday life and during mass protests. It means toning down the use of forceful methods against the unruly and redefining which crimes must be prosecuted. In the course of the reform, the government must relinquish its ability to control the thoughts and actions of opponents and the people. Instead of being used as a punitive instrument of oppression, the postauthoritarian police must learn to behave in a transparent, accountable way, by respecting the rights of citizens. Importantly, new venues and forms of interaction between society and the police should emerge, while a country's chief police agency should become responsive to the concerns of the public. The police must begin to work on behalf of the public, not the regime, and to obey the rule of law, not government orders. Essentially, "democratic police reform" in the post-Soviet - or any - context means entrusting the citizenry to police the police. This monograph contributes to the understanding of what it takes to promote institutional reform in the police by eliminating political barriers and enabling a more fruitful military-to-military cooperation. Understanding the components of a successful police reform in transitioning states falls under the Strategic Studies Institute's requirements. If the United States is to continue its constructive cooperation with these states, it must understand what predetermines the success or failure of security reform. The success or failure of certain aspects of the reform defines the degree to which organized criminal groups are able to influence the political leadership. As Washington searches for ways to help countries transform from autocracies to democracies, Georgia and Kyrgyzstan provide useful insights into how state elites seek to reform the police, while trying to maintain social stability and strong central leadership Details: Carlisle, PA: United States Army War College, 2013. 73p. Source: Internet Resource: The Letort papers: Accessed August 22, 2017 at: http://ssi.armywarcollege.edu/pdffiles/pub1184.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Georgia Keywords: Police Administration Shelf Number: 131743 |
Author: Kelbakiani, Anton Title: Rights of Juvenile Defendants in Criminal Proceedings: Report of the study Summary: After the Juvenile Justice Code entered into force (on 1 January 2016, partially on 1 March 2016), various entities were imposed an obligation to draft normative acts detailing procedures and practice to be applied to children in conflict with the penal law during administering criminal justice, starting from the first contact of a child with law enforcement agencies and all the way to a court trial (including the execution of sentence). The abovementioned normative acts must regulate the process of effective implementation of the juvenile justice. The Beijing Rules specify: Efforts shall be made to establish a regular evaluative research mechanism built into the system of juvenile justice administration and to collect and analyse relevant data and information for appropriate assessment and future improvement and reform of the administration. 1 Moreover, the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child emphasizes: In order to ensure the full implementation of the principles and rights , it is necessary to establish an effective organization for the administration of juvenile justice, and a comprehensive juvenile justice system. 2 In its narrowest sense, a legislative reform implies only the amendment of an existing law or the adoption of a new law. In practice, however, the process is way more comprehensive and goes beyond a mere review and amendment of a legal framework. A legislative reform involves: consideration of policy as well as budgetary and human resources; evaluation of institutional capacity and of the system of communication among institutions; professional training and practice; planning of the process of implementation of the law; transitional arrangements;3 monitoring in the process of implementation and a quality control system. The adoption of the new Code has been repeatedly commended as an important and progressive step; however, no thorough analysis has been carried out to see whether the entities involved in the administration of justice interpret it in a uniform way. Nor has the enforcement of the Code in practice or in the light of effective quality control system been studied either. The mentioned shortcomings create a risk that the juvenile delinquency reform (its practical implementation) will go into a wrong direction and a non-uniform practice will be established among participants in criminal proceedings. At meetings dedicated to the Juvenile Justice Code, representatives of various entities and international organizations have repeatedly emphasized the importance of quality control and spoken about a number of practical issues that are interpreted in various ways or remain ambiguous and require further clarification and detailed regulation in the process of implementation. Aim of the study The study aims at assisting the government, after the entry into force of Juvenile Justice Code, to assess the situation with the protection of rights of juvenile defendants during criminal proceedings, identify shortcomings in this process and analyze them; also, to ensure a uniform interpretation and implementation of the existing legislation on juvenile defendants both by government entities and all other subjects involved in administering juvenile justice. Structure of the study Within the scope of this study we scrutinized the realization of the rights of juvenile defendants during criminal proceedings after the entry into force of Juvenile Justice Code (since 1 January 2016); analyzed shortcomings of the legislation, the existing practice and the state policy in the area of juvenile justice reform. The study covers the entire process - from the initial contact of a juvenile with law enforcement agencies up to a decision delivered by a court. Details: Tbilisi, Georgia: Open Society Georgia Foundation, 2017. 55p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 6, 2018 at: https://www.crin.org/sites/default/files/research_on_implementation_of_jj_code_and_reform.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Georgia Keywords: Juvenile Courts Shelf Number: 1497909 |
Author: Human Rights Watch Title: Harsh Punishment: The Human Toll of Georgia's Abusive Drug Policies Summary: In their effort to prevent the use and sale of illicit drugs, Georgian authorities aggressively pursue drug prosecutions, which often lead to long sentences and prohibitive fines against individuals who have committed no harm to anyone, but simply acquired small amounts of drugs for personal recreational use. The criminal justice system treats most drug consumption or possession for personal use as a criminal felony, with severe consequences. This report exposes the human costs of these policies. Harsh Punishment is based on over 85 in-depth interviews with individuals prosecuted for drug-related crimes, lawyers, family members of those prosecuted, social workers, community leaders, government officials, and nongovernmental groups. The report documents the impact of overly punitive drug laws and practices, including disproportionately harsh prison sentences and fines; abusive, mandatory drug tests; coerced plea bargains; and arbitrary additional punishments, such as stripping people of their drivers licenses or prohibiting them from working in an array of professions. Laws that criminalize drug use are inconsistent with human rights norms. Georgian authorities have partially liberalized drug policies since 2012, but they remain harsh. Human Rights Watch urges the Georgian government to decriminalize personal use and possession of all drugs. To prevent and remedy the harmful use of drugs, the authorities should rely on non-penal regulatory and public health approaches that do not violate human rights. Details: New York: HRW, 2018. 73p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 17, 2018 at: https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/georgia0818_web.pdf Year: 2018 Country: Georgia Keywords: Drug Abuse and Addiction Shelf Number: 151164 |
Author: Georgia. Parliament. Gender Equality Council Title: Gender Impact Assessment of Georgia's Drug Reform Summary: The present report represents an assessment of the gender impact of drug reform initiated on June 22, 2017 in the Parliament of Georgia. The women's rights or gender equality are seldom outlined in discussions on narcotic drug problems in the world. Men, as a rule, constitute a major part of narcotic drug users. The role of women as of users and victims has not been properly assessed and studied. It is recognized that the drug problem in the world undermines gender equality and the analysis of the issue in terms of gender is necessary in every efforts of planning prevention and counter-measures. Drug policy and gender equality are interrelated concepts. The objective of gender impact assessment is to review the existing reality in terms of gender and to compare it the its comparison with the outcome of the reform. The drug policy reform aims at changing the system approach toward drug users - instead of punishment-oriented, strict measures the emphasis is made on treatment/rehabilitation and on the introduction of primary prevention. It comprises the following directions: - Drug use decriminalization; - Liberalization of sanctions for drug-related offences and fair fixing of the amounts of narcotic substances; - Conduct of compulsory drug testing procedure; - Improvement of the legal status of convicted drug offenders; - Creation of the setting of new care (service), where the persons with drug-related problems will receive aid. - Improvement of the prevention/rehabilitation system and the setting up of persuasion commissions. The gender impact assessment was divided into two stages. At the first stage, the task force reviewed international experience from the gender equality standpoint and singled out all the principal gender inequalities existing in this direction in the world. The goal of this stage was checking the gender relevance of drug policy. At the second stage, the assessment of the presented drug policy reforms took place. A separate chapter was dedicated to the impact assessment of primary prevention, as one of the most important elements in reducing drug use. The second-stage assessment was carried out by four criteria. The task force was guided in its assessment by the following criteria offered by the Guide to Gender Impact Assessment prepared by the European Commission : 1. Participation - sex-composition of the target group, drug addiction-associated events, number of related offences according to gender; 2. Resources - access to material resources (healthcare resources in the given case) according to gender; 3. Norms and values - the societal norms and values that influence the drug situation; 4. Rights - citizens' right to have an equal access to different resources The actions carried out for each criterion included: (i) current situation analysis, (ii) identification of trends with the expected development (with an allowance that the reform is not realized), (iii) assessment of the expected outcomes of the reform, (iv) comparison of the reform outcomes with the situation when the reform is not realized. The gender impact assessment by each of the above-mentioned criterion demonstrated that the proposed drug reform policy can reduce gender inquality existing in the drug policy sphere. The successful conduct of the reform will result in a reduction in the number of drug users, a reduction in the number of infectuous diseases, an increase in the number of women involved in healthcare service, an increase in the quality of drug addicts' treatment services and their territorial access, change of the societal norms and values, improvement of the legal status of the persons convicted for drug-related offences, a reduction in the cases of violence against women. Details: Tbilisi: The Council, 2017. 34p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 11, 2018 at: http://www.parliament.ge/uploads/other/82/82301.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Georgia Keywords: Drug Abuse and Addiction Shelf Number: 152884 |
Author: Slade, Gavin Title: Mafia and Anti-Mafia in the Republic of Georgia: Criminal Resilience and Adaptation Since the Collapse of Communism Summary: 'Thieves-in-law' (vory-v-zakone in Russian or kanonieri qurdebi in Georgian) are career criminals belonging to a criminal fraternity that has existed at least since the 1930s in the Soviet Gulag. These actors still exist in one form or another in post-Soviet countries and have integrated into transnational organised criminal networks. For reasons yet to be explicated, thieves-in-law became exceptionally prevalent in the Soviet republic of Georgia. Here, by the 1990s, they formed a mafia network where this means criminal associations that attempt to monopolize protection in legal and illegal sectors of the economy. In 2005, Mikhail Saakashvili, the current president of Georgia claimed that 'in the past 15 years...Georgia was not ruled by [former President] Shevardnadze, but by thieves-in-law.' Directly transferring anti-organised crime policy from Italy and America, Saakashvili's government made reform of the criminal justice system generally and an attack on the thieves-in-law specifically a cornerstone of the Rose Revolution. New legislation criminalises the possession of the status of 'thief-in-law' and of membership of criminal associations that constitute what is known as the 'thieves world' (qurduli samkaro). Along with a sweeping reform of the police and prisons and a 'culture of lawfulness' campaign, Georgian criminal justice reforms since 2003 may be seen as the first sustained anti-mafia policy to be implemented in a post-Soviet country. It also appears to have been very successful. The longevity and sudden decline of the thieves-in-law in Georgia provides the main questions that the following study addresses: How do we account for changes in the levels of resilience to state attack of actors carrying the elite criminal status of 'thief-in-law'? How has this resilience been so effectively compromised since 2005? Utilising unique access to primary sources of data such as police files, court cases, archives and expert interviews this thesis studies the dynamics of changing mafia activities, recruitment practices, and structural forms of a criminal group as it relates to changes in the environment and, in particular, the recent anti-organised crime policy. Details: Oxford, UK: St. Antony's College, Oxford University, 2011. 339p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed October 23, 2018 at: https://ora.ox.ac.uk/catalog/uuid:1a0fdb4a-a671-4675-840d-dea296bc5272/download_file?file_format=pdf&safe_filename=THESIS01&type_of_work=Thesis Year: 2011 Country: Georgia Keywords: Career Criminals Shelf Number: 153065 |
Author: Kodeih, Lea Title: ECPAT Country Overview: Georgia Summary: Located along the Black Sea in the southern Caucasus region, Georgia has a population of 3.9 million people, which encompasses a number of sizable ethnic minority communities including Azerbaijanis, Armenians and Roma. In Georgia, poverty and disrupted or discontinued education are among the primary drivers of children's vulnerability to sexual exploitation. Nearly 28% of children live below the general poverty threshold. Children from poor households are significantly less likely to attend preschool or primary school than children from wealthier households. Anecdotal evidence indicates that exploitation of children in prostitution is a risk for street-connected children, living without access to protective services or environments. Girls, children from minority communities (e.g. Roma, Azeri-Kurds), and those living in extreme poverty are especially vulnerable. Offenders in every part of the world are increasingly using the Internet as their preferred medium for disseminating child abuse materials and Georgia is no exception. As Georgia increasingly comes online, online child sexual exploitation (OCSE) represents a growing and credible threat to many children. Georgia is a country of origin, transit and destination for victims of human trafficking for sexual purposes. The estimated 65,412 children who remain internally displaced from conflicts in Abkhazia and South Ossetia, as well as children living and/or working in the streets and children from socially marginalized groups are among the most vulnerable to sex trafficking. Georgia established a single database on victims of trafficking by nationality, sex, age and form of exploitation, as well as disaggregated data on offenders in order to track progress against the At a Glance SDG indicators/targets. However, between 2016 and 2017, the government identified only one child (a girl) as a victim of sex trafficking. It is likely that the reported statistics severely underestimate the scope of the trafficking of children for sexual purposes. While official data on the sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism (SECTT) is lacking, we know that in 2017, Georgia received 4,069,354 tourist visits, a 23.4% increase from 2016. As the tourism industry in Georgia grows, resorts in the Black Sea region have become known as 'sex destinations'. For example, in tourist areas like the Adjara region and its resort city Batumi, victims of Azerbaijani descent are often subjected to forced prostitution. Enhancing detection and reporting mechanisms and data collection on the prevalence of SECTT and other forms of sexual exploitation of children (SEC) will be a crucial next step national efforts to address these violations of children's rights. Despite the fact that the country's Civil Code has established 18 as the minimum age of legal marriage, 14% of Georgian women ages 20-24 report that they were married or in a union before age 18. This is one of Europe's highest rates of child marriage. Girls in the religious minority communities in the Adjaria mountainous region and among ethnic minority communities in the Kvemo Kartli face particularly high risk of child, early and forced marriage (CEFM). Key factors of CEFM in Georgia include economic hardship and high rates of employment, which position marriage as a family's only financial option. Strict norms regarding pre-marital sex, stigma against unmarried girls, and a lack of emphasis on girls' continued education are other primary drivers. Details: Bangkok: ECPAT International, 2018. 33p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 20, 2019 at: https://www.ecpat.org/eco_georgia_final_09nov18/ Year: 2018 Country: Georgia Keywords: Child Abuse and Neglect Shelf Number: 155930 |