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72 total results foundAuthor: Gentiana, Ioana Title: Trafficking in Children in Romania: Study on the Recruiting Process Summary: Human trafficking in every form (sexual exploitation, forced labour and begging or perpetration of crimes) continues to be a worldwide social phenomenon that is morally, psychologically and physically prejudiced to its both its direct victims and others. This phenomenon becomes even more alarming when children are trapped into trafficking networks. In many cases children fall into the hands of individuals for whom nothing is more important than the perspective of financial benefits obtained from their exploitation. The study, achieved within the RO2006/IB/JH 08 Twinning Project - “Improving the institutional capacity of the agencies involved in the prevention of trafficking in human beings in line with the current European standards and best practices (Strengthening the institutional capacity of the agencies involved in preventing human traffic in compliance with the European standards and the best current practices”) represent the outcome of a fruitful cooperation between the Austrian experts from the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Human Rights, Vienna, and the research team of the National Agency against Human Trafficking within the General Inspectorate of Romanian Police. The study was a part of the activities provisioned within the “A” component of the PHARE Project. One of its main objectives is to strengthen the research capacity of the National Agency against Human Trafficking. Various studies and much research on human trafficking has been undertaken during the last few years; however, some questions remained without answers necessary to understanding the phenomenon: “What are the main causes and how exactly does the recruitment process of trafficked minors for the purpose of exploitation take place? Also, Why, in similar living conditions, only some minors become victims of human traffic and other do not?” These are examples of questions concerning the research. This study intends to offer further relevant information to understand the children trafficking phenomenon by detailing the recruitment process and other related aspects while analyzing the favouring factors encouraging minors’ vulnerability. Details: Bucharest: Alpha MDN, 2009. 106p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 21, 2010 at: http://anitp.mai.gov.ro/en/trafic/rapoarte/studiu%20ade%20eng.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Romania Keywords: Begging Shelf Number: 120043 |
Author: Tamas, Ana-Maria Title: Sociological Research Handbook On Child Trafficking Summary: What do we know about trafficking? This simple question is being discussed throughout the previous years in Europe on numerous conferences and academic meetings. The big discrepancy between the quantitative estimations of the size of the crime and the real figures is only one area among much more where the call is made for more and better data and research. Rather than finding simple answers, including comparable statistics and a common framework of data analyzing, more complex questions have been raised. European criminal codes defining trafficking in human beings consist of different cultural and historical layers that go back to the 19th Century. They include patterns of criminal and economic dimensions combined with moral attitudes. In the contemporary framework some of these notions still appear in the anti-trafficking discourses: the images of naïve and over-credulous women and girls combined with other gender and racial stereotypes as well as the predominant focus on sexual exploitation. In order to come to a sound understanding of the phenomenon of trafficking in human beings one has to identify the myths and stereotypes being used in the framework as well as to highlight the facts. Comprehensible research and profound methodology are key to improve the understanding of the phenomenon. This handbook reflects the process of a cooperative (research that we did) as part of the Twinning Project “Strengthening the capacity to prevent trafficking in human beings in Romania”. It provides methodologies, frameworks and practical examples in order to guide future research efforts. It takes into account the importance of data protection and research ethics as a core in all researches in the area of human trafficking. Details: Bucharest: Alpha MDN, 2009. 144p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 21, 2010 at: http://anitp.mai.gov.ro/en/trafic/rapoarte/manual%20ade%20eng.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Romania Keywords: Child Trafficking Shelf Number: 120044 |
Author: Romania. Ministry of the Interior and Administration Reform, National Agency Against Trafficking in Persons Title: Report on Trafficking in Persons in Romania - 2007 Summary: Chapter 1 provides an analysis of the magnitude of the trafficking in persons phenomenon in 2007 related to the main indicators supplied by the centralized database on victims of trafficking. The analysis focuses on the situation of victims identified throughout the year in terms of the socio-demographic factors (gender, age, schooling, area of origin) and the characteristics of their involvement in the reported situation (recruitment methods, relationship with the recruiters, destination countries, forms of exploitation, time of entry into trafficking, exploitation period). The chapter then separately describes the categories of female, male and child victims of both international and internal trafficking, as well as the profiling of the two major forms of exploitation, forced labour and sexual. A clear situation of victims in comparison with the main destination countries (Italy, Spain, the Czech Republic and Romania for internal trafficking) is also contained in this first chapter. Chapter 2 deals with The national integrated system to monitor and assess the trafficking phenomenon, which became operational in January 2007; it is a centralized database on trafficking issues, which supplied most of the data contained in this report. Chapter 3 outlines the Amendments to the trafficking legislation made in 2007 with particular reference to Emergency Ordinance 113/2007 to amend Law 211/2004 concerning measures to ensure protection to victims of crime and legal drafts initiated by ANITP, both approved and pending approval. Chapter 4 describes the efforts made in Preventing trafficking in persons and materialized in national and local campaigns and training sessions for specialists in the field.. Chapter 5 – Combating trafficking in persons addresses the phenomenon from a judicial perspective, emphasis being place on the evolution of the criminal phenomenon and its characteristics in the period under review, as well as on the victim participation in trial and investigations into trafficking in persons offences. Relevant aspects in the field of judicial cooperation and inter-institutional cooperation within the framework of the “Victim/Witness in Trial Coordination” project are also presented. Chapter 6 deals with the basic elements of activities in the field of Victim protection, assistance and social reintegration, respectively the National Integrated System for Victim Identification and Referral, National Standards of Victim Assistance Services, the National Interest Program “Improving victim protection and assistance activities”, as well as the contribution of social governmental and non-governmental actors, including foreign organizations and authorities. Chapter 7 outlines the monitoring and assessment activity of the Inter-ministerial Working Group and its significant contribution to the Inter-institutional Cooperation in the field of trafficking in persons and assistance provided to such victims. This contribution has been effected into collabourative protocols, cooperation plans and partnership agreements with various institutions, directions and NGOs, as well as the re-structuring of regional inter-institutional anti-trafficking teams required by a complex approach of the phenomenon at local levels. Sub-chapter 7.2 deals with professional training modalities and the categories of specialists who received trafficking in persons related training. Chapter 8 – Trafficking in persons and the media provides an analysis on how trafficking issues are covered in print and audiovisual media and the receptivity of the audience towards such problems. The chapter gives concise data regarding the number of publications, modalities to approach the subject in the print media, number and type of audiovisual broadcasts, press conferences and thematic public debates. Chapter 9 – International cooperation in the field of prevention of trafficking and assistance provided to victims outlines the efforts of collaboration with public or private authorities in the main European countries of destination for Romanian victims; activities to obtain external non-reimbursable funds; projects proposed, approved or under implementation and partner countries; cooperation with non-EU countries and international organizations; Romania’s participation in regional and international meetings, study visits, conferences and reunions. Chapter 10 The final chapter in the report provides recommendations to improve the activities carried out by state institutions and partner organizations, national and international, with a view to reduce the magnitude of the phenomenon and socially reintegrate trafficking victims. Details: Bucharest: Ministry of the Interior and Administration Reform, 2008. 115p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 12, 2011 at: http://anitp.mai.gov.ro/en/trafic/rapoarte/raport%202007%20engleza.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Romania Keywords: Forced Labor Shelf Number: 122722 |
Author: Lăzăroiu, Sebastian Title: Who is the Next Victim? Vulnerability of Young Romanian Women to Trafficking in Human Beings Summary: Romania is one of the main countries of origin in South Eastern Europe for victims of trafficking, most of whom are trafficked for the purpose of sexual exploitation. The number of trafficking cases and their dynamics in Romania over the last few years speak of a reality that has already settled in.Could anybody become a victim of trafficking? Is just any woman a potential victim of trafficking? The answers to these questions can be useful instruments to fight trafficking from the ground and to organize prevention efforts. Knowing who the potential victims are can also assist the law enforcement with the profiling of traffickers after their victims.Who are these unlucky migrants? Who are the women who end up in a trap as forced prostitutes? What exactly makes one person more vulnerable to trafficking than another? This paper will try to provide some answers. It will look not only at individual attributes, but also at environmental factors - the family and the community, since the way young women grow up or the way school and family instil values and attitudes in the young are crucial for their future success or failure. Details: Geneva, Switzerland: IOM International Organization for Migration, 2003. 75p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed on January 22, 2012 at http://publications.iom.int/bookstore/free/Who_Next_Victim.pdf Year: 2003 Country: Romania Keywords: Female Victims Shelf Number: 123730 |
Author: World Wildlife Fund Forest Programme Title: The Russian-Chinese Timber Trade: Export, Supply Chains, Consumption, and Illegal Logging Summary: Using statistical data from Russian government agencies and academic institutions, and field data and research by a great number of organizations, this report provides a comprehensive overview of the Russian-Chinese timber trade and illegal logging in Siberia and the Russian Far East (RFE). The report is part of a series of analyses and case studies prepared by WWF-Russia devoted to these issues. The report is based on data collected from 2002 to 2004. The text was finalized at the end of 2006, before the new Forest Code was enacted. Details: Moscow: World Wildlife Fund, 2007. 50p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 14, 2012 at: http://www.wwf.ru/resources/publ/book/eng/234 Year: 2007 Country: Romania Keywords: Crimes Against the Environment Shelf Number: 125255 |
Author: Caunte, Irina Title: Dynamics of the Romanian Illegal Drug Markets Summary: Globalization has led to an increase in commercial activities running on the illegal markets, its dynamics being largely determined by the balance between profitability and the major risks involved. Revenues are significant, one example being those obtained from drug industry. In recent years, illicit drug trafficking has seen in Romania an unprecedented escalation, as a result of market liberalization and the movement of per sons and because of the extending the phenomenon both among producers and consumers. This article examines the size of the Romanian illegal drug markets, the countries of origin and drug transit routes, as well as the profits made by the drug trafficking networks. Details: Iasi, Romania: University of Iasi, Centre for European Studies, 2011. 12p. Source: Internet Resource: CES Working Papers III, (2), 2011: Accessed July 17, 2012 at: http://www.cse.uaic.ro/WorkingPapers/articles/CESWP2011_III2_CAU.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Romania Keywords: Cocaine Shelf Number: 125633 |
Author: WWF Danube Carpathian Programme (DCP) Title: Illegal Logging in Romania Summary: WWF defines illegal logging and forest crime as the harvesting, transporting, processing, buying or selling of timber in violation of national laws. It lies within wider forest-related crime which includes both large and small-scale theft of timber, breaking of license agreements and tax laws, as well as issues of access to and rights over forest resources, corruption, and poor management. Illegal logging stems from a variety of factors that are often inter-related. These can include - but are not limited to - overcapacity in the forestry industry, abuse of property rights of local communities, and a lack of transparency in the forestry sector. The study looks at the nature of illegal logging in Romania. Although not all aspects in the definition above are covered the reports attempts to give an overview of key problems that need to be addressed in Romania on the issue of illegal logging. Details: Sofia, Bulgaria: WWF Danube Carpathian Programme (DCP), 2005. 17p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 30, 2012 at http://awsassets.panda.org/downloads/finalromaniaillegallogging.pdf Year: 2005 Country: Romania Keywords: Environmental Crime (Romania) - - Forest Managemen Shelf Number: 126508 |
Author: Andreea, Cojocariu Maria Title: Subordinating Justice In Communist Romania: The Sovietization of the Romanian Criminal Justice System (1945-1953) Summary: This thesis addresses the judicial and legal systems of Romania from 1945 to 1953 within the context of the community takeover of Sovietization of Romania. More precisely, it discusses the arrangement of the judiciary and several amendments brought to criminal legislation (Penal Code). The thesis argues that during the period under focus Soviet-type judicial institutions, legal concepts and practices were transplanted to Romania at different stages. It also argues that beginning in 1948, when a Soviet-type constitution and a new penal code came into effect, the communist government of Romania gave political repression, to a certain extent a legal dimention. Accordingly, the aim of this research was to demonstrate that the repressive nature of the regime was upheld by the ideological interpretation of criminal law. Details: Budapest, Hungary: Central European University, Department of History, 2011. 75p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed May 9, 2013 at: http://www.etd.ceu.hu/2011/cojocariu_maria-andreea.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Romania Keywords: Communism Shelf Number: 128684 |
Author: Stancu, Constantin-Raducu Title: The Political Use of Capital Punishment in Communist Romania Summary: This thesis aims to reveal the relationship between the death penalty and politics in Romania, throughout the communist period. It examines the legal framework, takes a statistical survey of the actual use, and provides examples in order to illustrate how the state’s attitude towards capital punishment evolved. The use of the death penalty was defined by frequent irregularities and the incoherent policies of a regime that transformed its own perpetuation in one of its main aims. This was especially the case when it was at its weakest, at the very beginning and then close to the end of its existence. The result was the use of the death penalty in a manner that was dictated by immediate political “needs” and reactions to specific events, rather than in relation to a coherent criminal policy, and thus was ultimately less influenced by ideology than one might expect. Used in the Stalinist period both as a direct means to eliminate opponents and by the propaganda for its deterrent effect, as described in the first research chapter, the second research chapter provides evidence about how it slowly evolved to become a more refined political tool limited to the propagandistic use, during the 1980’s. Ultimately, both chapters demonstrate that the legal provisions and their interpretation when put into practice highlight the politicization of the death penalty itself. 68p. Details: Budapest : CEU, Budapest College, 2012. 68p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 20, 2013 at: Year: 2012 Country: Romania Keywords: Capital Punishment (Romania) Shelf Number: 128749 |
Author: Pollard, Robin Title: Case Study Series: Drug, policy, harm reduction and young people - Romania Summary: Romania is a country located at the intersection of Central and South East Europe, bordering the Black Sea, finding itself along one of the main trafficking routes for heroin destined for Western Europe from Afghanistan. Consequently, heroin has been the illicit drug associated with the highest level of drug-related problems in Romania, with injection being the most common method of use. While cocaine (shipped from South America), ecstasy and amphetamines (from Western Europe) and cannabis are also commonly used, new psychoactive substances (NPS) have become increasingly popular in the country, with the proportion of those who inject NPS substantially increasing. Recent estimates suggest that these substances were being used by a third of all people dependent on drugs in 2010- 2011. However, following the enforcement of Law 194/2011, the availability on NPS was substantially reduced among occasional people who use drugs, as the costs of these substances dramatically increased. The information presented in this paper is drawn from the experiences of local service providers, young people who use drugs and a review of the available literature. This case study is designed to offer a snapshot of the drug policy and harm reduction landscape in Romania in relation to young people. Based on the findings of this case study, we offer a series of key recommendations for effective policy reform that can improve the health of, and reduce stigma towards, young people who use drugs in Romania. Details: London: International Drug Policy Consortium, 2014. 7p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 4, 2014 at http://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/64663568/library/IDPC-Youth-RISE-drug-policy-case-study_Romania.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Romania Keywords: Drug Policy Shelf Number: 132406 |
Author: Stef, Nicolae Title: Wage Inequalities, Unemployment and Crime in the Transition and the Post-Transition Period: Case of Romania Summary: This article analyses the impact of the unemployment level and the wage inequalities among economic sectors on the criminality degree in the case of a country that experienced a long period of economic transition. Starting from the traditional perspective established by Becker (1968), we put forward a theoretical model that evaluates the crime behavior. In order to test the conclusions model, we constructed an original panel for all Romanias counties including full data from 1991 to 2008. Our estimates show that increasing the number of unemployed has a positive impact on the number of crimes recorded by police. These results are consistent with those already obtained in the economic literature. Furthermore, a reduced gap between the minimum legal wage and the average wage can favor the decrease of crime behaviors especially in the case of the industrial sector. Thus, if the Romanian state decides to reduce the number of crimes, it would be useful to improve the public policy of unemployment and investment. Details: Strasbourg: LARGE Research Center, University of Strasbourg, 2011. 18p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 16, 2014 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1971256 Year: 2011 Country: Romania Keywords: Socioeconomic Conditions and Crime Shelf Number: 132693 |
Author: Swiss-Romanian Cooperation Programme Title: Trafficking in Persons for Begging -- Romania Study Summary: Romania is one of the states that have explicit domestic legislation on trafficking in persons for forced begging. The victims of forced begging are not punished, irrespective of their age. Assistance to victims of trafficking is granted irrespective of the form of exploitation. Hence, a victim forced to beg is entitled to and receives the same type of assistance as other victims of trafficking. Moreover, through child protection mechanisms and legal proceedings, Romania determines all the possible situations that involve child begging. This also includes the situation when a child is forced to beg by another person, including the children's parents. Vulnerability to trafficking for begging is not particularly gender biased. Factors such as low levels of schooling, lack of employment opportunities, dysfunctional or absence of social support networks, poor conditions of living and also other elements all acting together, favour the coercion of the victim and indirectly their victimisation. Family-related dysfunctions, such as: violence, alcohol abuse, tense relations between the family members, the absence of a parental model or an inappropriate one, and the lack of effective support, may represent factors that increase an individual's vulnerability to trafficking. Regarding the methods used by traffickers and also the abuses that victims suffer during the trafficking period, there are no different particularities comparing trafficking for begging to other forms of trafficking. Trafficking related to forced begging has mainly developed abroad. This evolution has been associated with the large profits obtained in trafficking for begging, in countries with high living standards, but also with the weak legislation of such countries, which mitigates the traffickers' risk of being identified. The traffickers operating abroad generally consist of individuals with criminal records, who have over time, oriented themselves towards this type of criminality, based on the significant volume of income that can be obtained, compared to the low level of risk undertaken. Interviews of both victims and experts related that most of the time, trafficking related to forced begging only represents one of the criminal actions performed by the traffickers operating abroad, such that traffickers also force victims into sexual exploitation or various street-related criminal offenses. In some cases, the traffickers were also involved in drug trafficking or car theft. Domestic trafficking constitutes a small percentage of trafficking for forced begging. Domestic trafficking shows specific features, compared to the external trafficking. The victims are generally disabled persons, institutionalized minors or homeless children. The victims are forced into begging under the pretext of 'protection', yet most of these victims were already practicing begging in order to obtain a minimum daily living. The study shows the situation of children who are exploited through begging by their own parents as a problem, which must be taken into account. The causes associated with trafficking by parents, include the lack of resources needed for decent living conditions as well as educational and cultural problems that prevent this group from being able to benefit from the social assistance that the Romanian state provides. With respect to the characteristics of traffickers, those operating domestically generally operate individually or in small groups, by exploiting a low number of victims. Generally, no other criminal actions are envisaged, although sometimes, trafficking for forced begging is correlated with trafficking for sexual exploitation or with petty street crimes. The ratio of women to men is equal amongst domestic traffickers, with women and men being involved in both recruitment and exploitation. The evaluation of the vulnerability of persons who are practicing begging, indicates that proper identification and referral of those victims to adequate assistance could break the chain of this particular type of trafficking. If the beggars could be removed from the streets and assisted in a proper manner, the traffickers would lose their assets and the victims could be assisted to exit the trafficking cycle. The assistance process however must be focussed, as an increasing percentage of victims being re-trafficked for forced begging is evident, as opposed to other forms of exploitation. Details: Bucuresti, Romania: National Agency against Trafficking in Persons, 2013. 86p. Source: Internet Resource: accessed March 18, 2015 at: https://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/sites/antitrafficking/files/trafficking_in_persons_for_begging_-_romania_study_0.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Romania Keywords: Child Trafficking Shelf Number: 134962 |
Author: Basel Institute on Governance Title: Enhancing the Investigation Capacities of the Romanian Authorities to Confiscate and Recover Proceeds of Crime Summary: Romania set up its Asset Recovery Office (ARO) within the Ministry of Justice (MJ) in 2011, pursuant to the requirements of Council Decision 2007/845/JHA. The ARO was set up through Government Decision No. 32/2011. With a view to enhancing the capacity of Romanian authorities to recover proceeds of crime, a two-component project is being implemented by the ARO in collaboration with International Centre for Asset Recovery (ICAR) of the Basel Institute on Governance in 2012-13, with funding from the Swiss-Romanian Cooperation Programme. The overall objective of the said project is to improve the international judicial co-operation in the field of money laundering and asset recovery, by improving the knowledge in and exchanging of best practices between the practitioners in the above-mentioned fields. The present report refers to Component II of the abovementioned project. The said component seeks to benchmark and audit the ARO against applicable international and European standards and good practices, thereby increasing the efficiency of the Romanian law enforcement in fighting against economic and financial crime and strengthening the asset recovery regime. Component II has allowed for the identification of strategies to further enhance operational capacity of the ARO. The report was drafted based on extensive deskwork, an on-site mission conducted 24-28 September 2012, and two validation workshops with the Romanian authorities, carried out 23-26 October 2012. The final revised report has been finalised in May 2013. Reference to Romanian legislation is done so based on translations of the Law from Romanian to English, as provided by the Romanian authorities. Details: Basel, SWIT: Basel Institute on Governance, 2013. 66p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 16, 2015 at: https://www.baselgovernance.org/sites/collective.localhost/files/publications/130722_romania_aro.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Romania Keywords: Asset Forfeiture Shelf Number: 137292 |
Author: Environmental Investigation Agency Title: Stealing the Last Forest: Austria's Largest Timber Company, Land Rights, and Corruption in Romania Summary: Romania is home to Europe's last remaining virgin forests and some of the continent's largest populations of bears, wolves, and lynx. These forests are under serious threat due to rampant illegal logging. Over a multi-year investigation, EIA documented this illegal logging and found a major driver behind this destruction was an Austrian-based timber and wood processing company known as Holzindustrie Schweighofer. Earlier this year, EIA released a video documenting how Schweighofer willingly and knowingly accepted illegally harvested timber and incentivized additional cutting through a bonus system. The company is the largest buyer of softwood timber in Romania, responsible for processing around 40% of the country's total annual softwood production. It then sells this processed timber to nearly every European Union member state, to popular biomass companies, to be used as bio-fuel and lumber. EIA's report, Stealing the Last Forest: Austria's Largest Timber Company, Land Rights, and Corruption in Romania, provides new evidence to Schweighofer's illegal business practices and documents the many types of illegalities prevailing in Romania's forests. In nearly every case investigated, the illicit wood arrived at Schweighofers mills. The report also identifies Europe's largest buyers of Schweighofer's products. Details: Washington, DC: EIA, 2015. 44p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 25, 2016 at: http://eia-global.org/images/uploads/EIA_2015_Romania_Report_Final_low_res.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Romania Keywords: Crimes Against the Environment Shelf Number: 137657 |
Author: SKIM Consumer Research Title: The impact of a ban on slim cigarettes on illicit trade in Romania Summary: Aim of the study •Evaluate the impact of removing slim and super slim cigarettes from the Romanian legal market •Assess the willingness of consumers to purchase cigarettes from the black market in a scenario where no slim or super slim cigarettes are available in the legal market in Romania Conclusion When slim and super slim cigarettes were removed from the legal market, the preference for slim and super slim cigarettes sold through the black market increased significantly Details: Hoboken, NJ: SKIM Consumer Research, 2013. 108p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 12, 2016 at: Year: 2013 Country: Romania Keywords: Black Markets Shelf Number: 141112 |
Author: Haenlein, Cathy Title: On Tap Europe. Organised Crime and Illicit Trade in Romania: Country Report Summary: THIS IS THE fourth in a series of five country-level papers on the role of organised crime groups (OCGs) in the illicit trade in tobacco, alcohol and pharmaceuticals across Europe, focusing on Romania as a case study. The criminal networks behind illicit trade in Romania are sophisticated, often internationally connected, and capable of adapting to exploit opportunities to maximise profits and avoid detection. As in a number of other cases across Europe, there is evidence that OCGs in Romania are moving away from trafficking in high-risk commodities, such as drugs, to engage in illicit trade in products such as tobacco, alcohol and pharmaceuticals. In some cases, OCGs will deal in different commodities simultaneously, as new opportunities and potential profits arise. Against this backdrop, attention to illicit trade among law enforcement has increased. The issue is now understood to be one driven by organised crime and is addressed alongside other forms of fraud and corruption, to which a concerted response has been mounted. Despite this, domestic demand for illicit goods persists, with illicit consumption largely viewed without social stigma. While there is insufficient data to compare shifts in consumption of illicit alcohol and pharmaceuticals over time, available evidence indicates that consumption of illicit cigarettes in Romania is increasing, and continues to sit well above average European levels. Romania plays numerous roles in facilitating the illicit trade in tobacco, alcohol and pharmaceuticals, acting at different times as a source, transit and destination country for different products. This paper identifies five core drivers that underpin illicit trade across the country. The first is the broad social acceptability of purchasing illicit goods. Despite signs of growing recognition that illicit trade has contributed to the country's historic economic challenges, the presence of a persistent domestic market for illicit goods is clear. Often, those involved in illicit trade may be viewed as providing a service to disadvantaged citizens, with many individuals quick to excuse participation in smuggling activities on this basis. A second driver is linked to the country's geographic position between EU and non-EU states, and the resultant price differentials across neighbouring states. Notably, the low price of tobacco and alcohol in Romania's non-EU neighbours acts as an incentive for smuggling into the country. In the case of tobacco, further price differentials with other EU states drive Romania's role as a transit state, as cigarettes are smuggled on to European markets further afield. A third driver applies specifically to the illicit trade in pharmaceuticals, and concerns the Romanian government's cap on the price paid for medicine. This policy makes the country vulnerable to illicit trade, as pharmaceutical companies have retreated and legal stocks have dried up. Demand for illicit sources has grown as patients have found themselves without the drugs they need, with gaps in domestic supply increasingly met by illicit sources. A fourth driver concerns the inconsistent application of sanctions for illicit trade. Existing legislation offers relatively stringent penalties, yet these are infrequently applied fully; particularly for alcohol and tobacco, fines are the most common penalty. The result is that sanctions do not act as a consistent deterrent: in many cases, the same individuals return to illicit trade following the payment of fines, often with greater knowledge of law enforcement techniques. Fifth, corruption has historically been recognised as a challenge, with numerous cases of arrests of officials for involvement in illicit trade at both land borders and ports. However, perceptions may also be influenced by a more stringent response in recent years, as a concerted attack has been launched on high-level corruption and considerable strides made in tackling the issue at a systemic level. Details: London: Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies, 2017. 58p. Source: Internet Resource: On Tap Europe Series No. 4: Accessed November 17, 2017 at: https://rusi.org/sites/default/files/201710_rusi_on_tap_europe_romania_haenlein_and_eyal_web.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Romania Keywords: Corruption Shelf Number: 148222 |
Author: Farrow, Kathryn Title: JBkdJCRhcAsLJ Summary: RdK9LD czuwdeghsikk, [url=http://fwxyhztgfktk.com/]fwxyhztgfktk[/url], [link=http://dbvckffqeoam.com/]dbvckffqeoam[/link], http://zakedkpnkoya.com/ Details: RdK9LD czuwdeghsikk, [url=http://fwxyhztgfktk.com/]fwxyhztgfktk[/url], [link=http://dbvckffqeoam.com/]dbvckffqeoam[/link], http://zakedkpnkoya.com/ Source: RdK9LD czuwdeghsikk, [url=http://fwxyhztgfktk.com/]fwxyhztgfktk[/url], [link=http://dbvckffqeoam.com/]dbvckffqeoam[/link], http://zakedkpnkoya.com/ Year: 1985 Country: Romania Keywords: RdK9LD czuwdeg Shelf Number: 0 |
Author: Trif, Georgiana Title: Lost in Transition? The mitigating role of social capital in negotiating life after care of youth from Romania and England Summary: Most young people today can enjoy an extended stay under parental care unlike young adults who age out of residential, foster care or other alternative care systems ("care leavers"). Care leavers are expected to look after themselves in matters such as securing employment, and housing without necessarily being in possession of a durable supportive social network system. Increasingly, many significant worldwide studies concerning care leavers show the importance of relationship-based practice, and the pivotal role of networking to enhance interpersonal skills and emotional maturity. These ingredients are viewed to contribute to more positive outcomes at adulthood. However, relatively few studies have solely focused on the utilization of social capital and social networks to negotiate independent living. It is this gap that the present study addresses. The dearth of knowledge of the care leavers' own safety net and how they negotiate independent living has driven this research. Qualitative in approach, this empirical research used interviews and vignettes on a sample composed of 58 participants (31 care leavers from Romania and 17 from England ranging from 17 to 29 years of age together with five professionals from each country). Aimed at understanding strategies used to negotiate independent living through the lenses of social capital and social networks, this empirical study subsequently provides key indicators to improve leaving care policy and practice. According to young people's and professionals' testimonies, elements of social capital such as trust, encouragement, reciprocity, and access to information contributed to boosting levels of confidence that further lead to optimization of resources such as employment prospects. A close relationship between social networks/social capital and the participants' outcomes, including individual (enhanced resilience, positive identity formation) and attained socio-economic status has been identified here. This comparative study between Romania and England, chosen for their different welfare systems and wider social contexts, illustrates that social capital and social networks have acted as a main channel to socio-professional integration among the young adults. The findings suggest the essence of having established a strong foundation of support prior to leaving care. Nevertheless, as social capital is in its infancy in this domain, more empirical evidence is necessary to deepen an understanding of the concept's mitigating role in youth well-being and outcomes. This includes whether established capital prior to leaving care can contribute to positive experiences specifically during the early periods of transition. Another aspect to explore is whether fellow colleagues could represent an effective strategy in service provision during the preparatory stages to independence. Details: Canterbury, UK: University of Kent, 2018. 369p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed November 7, 2018 at: https://kar.kent.ac.uk/66432/1/152Georgiana%20Trif%20PhD%20Thesis%20University%20of%20Kent.pdf Year: 2018 Country: Romania Keywords: At-Risk Youth Shelf Number: 153353 |
Author: Council of Europe Title: Report of the Romanian Government on the visit to Romania carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) from 7 to 19 February 2018 Summary: In the course of the 2018 visit, the CPT's delegation reviewed the treatment of persons deprived of their liberty by the police and the conditions of detention of remand prisoners in ten arrest detention centres throughout the country. Further, the delegation visited five prison establishments, focusing on the treatment of prisoners held in the maximum-security and closed regimes and on remand, and on the provision of health care. The report states that a considerable number of allegations of physical ill-treatment of prisoners by prison staff were received, notably by members of the masked intervention groups based in four of the five prisons visited. The situation was particularly alarming at Galaţi Prison where a... Details: Strasbourg: Author, 2019. 86p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 11, 2019 at: https://rm.coe.int/16809390a6 Year: 2019 Country: Romania Keywords: Detention Facilities Shelf Number: 155750 |
Author: Hjalmarsson, Randi Title: The Impact of Abortion on Crime and Crime-Related Behavior Summary: The 1966 abolition and 1989 legalization of abortion in Romania immediately doubled and decreased by about a third the number of births per month, respectively. To isolate the link between abortion access and crime while abstracting from cohort and general equilibrium effects, we compare birth month cohorts on either side of the abortion regime. For both the abolition and legalization of abortion, we find large and significant effects on the level of crime and risky-behavior related hospitalization, but an insignificant effect on crime and hospitalization rates (i.e. when normalizing by the size of the birth month cohort). In other words, the Romanian abortion reforms did affect crime, but all of the effect appears to be driven by cohort size effects rather than selection or unwantedness effects. Details: Cambridge, Massachusetts: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2019. 33p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 12, 2019 at: https://www.nber.org/papers/w26024.pdf Year: 2019 Country: Romania Keywords: Abortion Shelf Number: 156968 |