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Results for uruguay

108 total results found

24 non-duplicate results found.

Author: Kaye, Mike

Title: Contemporary Forms of Slavery in Uruguay

Summary: This report provides information and analysis in relation to slavery practices in Uruguay, with a particular focus on the commerical sexual exploitation of children, the worst forms of child labor, and trafficking of people.

Details: London: Anti-Slavery International, 2006. 11p.

Source:

Year: 2006

Country: Uruguay

Keywords: Child Labor

Shelf Number: 118404


Author: Challenger, Rose

Title: Understanding Crowd Behaviors

Summary: This practical report provides a comprehensive set of good gractice guidelines for crowd events and management, and for emergency situations and evacuations. It also provides a comprehesive set of good practice guidelines for simulating crowd behaviors, as a useful tool to aid event preparation. The report ends with a number of suggestions for future research so that practice may be improved. The five volumes are: Understanding Crowd Behaviours: A Guide for Readers; Understanding Crowd Behaviours: Guidance and Lessons Identified; Understanding Crowd Behaviours: Simulation Tools; Understanding Crowd Behaviours: Supporting Evidence; and Understanding Crowd Behaviours: Supporting Documentation.

Details: York, UK: Cabinet Office Emergency Planning College, 2009. 5 vols.

Source: Internet Resource

Year: 2009

Country: Uruguay

Keywords: Crowd Control

Shelf Number: 116267


Author: Great Britain. HM Revenue and Customs

Title: Tackling Tobacco Smuggling Together

Summary: The Tackling Tobacco Smuggling strategy has been the foundation of the Government’s success in reducing the illicit tobacco market. A new partnership between HM Revenue & Customs and the UK Border Agency, drawing on the strengths of both organisations, will now take the strategy forward, ensuring that there is no let-up in the fight against tobacco smuggling. The strategic approach will focus on the following key objectives: 1) A broader collective understanding of the risks - through our combined risk and intelligence capability; 2) To make the most effective deployment of the combined resources; 3) By increasing the deterrent value of our activity – working collaboratively with other enforcement agencies at home and abroad; 4) By improving detection at the border; 5) By increasing the impact of inland enforcement activity; 6) By matking the most effective use of the combined powers and sanctions; 7) By strengthening international partnerships; and 8) By strengthening regional and local partnerhips.

Details: Tackling Tobacco Smuggling Together: An Integrted Strategy for HM Revenue & Customs and the UK Border Agency

Source: Internet Resource

Year: 0

Country: Uruguay

Keywords: Border Security

Shelf Number: 119405


Author: United Nations. General Assembly. Human Rights Council

Title: Report of the Special Rapporteur on Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Manfred Nowak, on his Mission to Uruguay (21-27 March 2009)

Summary: This report presents the findings and recommendations of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment on his mission to Uruguay, which took place from 21 to 27 March 2009. The Special Rapporteur expresses deep appreciation to the Government for the excellent cooperation extended by the authorities during the course of the visit. He notes the Government’s commitment to uphold and promote human rights and the progress made since the end of the dictatorship in 1985. The Special Rapporteur is particularly concerned that children are at great risk of ill-treatment in police stations and detention facilities. He also found consistent allegations of beatings after arrest, as well as excessive use of force and collective punishments after riots and rebellions in detention facilities. The punitive approach applied in the penitentiary system and the lack of activities do not allow for rehabilitation. The use of imprisonment as the first rather than a last resort has failed to reduce the rates of criminality or prevent recidivism. On the contrary, most of the prisons in Uruguay are severely overcrowded and there exists a serious risk of a total collapse of the penitentiary system. Although some efforts have been made to improve overall conditions in prisons and prevent overcrowding, the conditions in some detention facilities, particularly Libertad Penitentiary and the Santiago Vázquez Prison Complex (Complejo Carcelario Santiago Vázquez, known as COMCAR), amount to inhuman and degrading treatment. The overcrowding, the non-separation of pretrial and convicted detainees as well as the limited access to medical services is of concern in practically all of the places visited. A comprehensive reform of the whole administration of justice system, aimed at the rehabilitation and reintegration of offenders, should be a high priority. Although the Government has recently introduced the crime of torture in the Law on Cooperation with the International Criminal Court, the provision is unlikely to be applied to perpetrators of individual crimes, as reflected since its entry into force in 2006. Nevertheless, the provision should serve as an inspiration for the reform of the criminal code. The Special Rapporteur welcomes the creation of a National Action Plan on Fighting Domestic Violence and acknowledges that some first steps were taken in this regard. However, its full implementation has been delayed, leading to a situation of inadequate preventive and protective measures afforded by the State. In light of the above, the Special Rapporteur recommends that the Government of Uruguay fully implement its obligations under international human rights law. In particular, he urges the Government to criminalize torture in line with the Convention against Torture, to prevent the use of excessive use of force by the police, to expedite judicial proceedings, to ensure that the perpetrators of human rights violations committed during the dictatorship are brought to justice without further delay and to fully implement the National Action Plan on Fighting Domestic Violence. Moreover, the Government should undertake, without delay, a fundamental reform of the criminal justice and penitentiary systems aimed at the rehabilitation and a better reintegration of offenders into society, introducing and strengthening, inter alia, non-custodial measures of punishment, and continue its efforts to improve the conditions of detention. The Special Rapporteur also urges the closure of prisons with inhuman conditions of detention; particularly “Las Latas” of Libertad Penitentiary and Modules 2–4 of COMCAR. The Special Rapporteur calls upon the international community to assist the Government of Uruguay in its fight against torture and ill-treatment by providing financial and technical support. The Special Rapporteur welcomes Uruguay’s ratification of the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and the recent adoption of a law establishing a National Human Rights Commission, including a national mechanism for the prevention of torture. On the basis of discussions with public officials, judges, lawyers and representatives of civil society, interviews with victims of violence and with persons deprived of their liberty, often supported by forensic medical evidence, the Special Rapporteur found few reports of torture. However, he received frequent allegations of ill-treatment in several detention facilities.

Details: Geneva: United Nations General Assembly, 2009. 52p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 1, 2010 at: http://www.crin.org/docs/Nowak_Uruguay_en.pdf

Year: 2009

Country: Uruguay

Keywords: Detention

Shelf Number: 117591


Author: Palummo, Javier

Title: Discrimination and Human Rights in Uruguay - The Voice of Children and Adolescents. An example of good practice when working on the issue of discrimination

Summary: This publication was developed by the Uruguayan Committee for the Rights of the Child, supported by Save the Children Sweden regional office in Latin America and the Caribbean in 2005. Its objective is to visualise how and to what extent children are discriminated against and what legal means there are to counteract these discriminations to protect children. The book is meant to be a springboard to trigger debate, make the problem better known, to serve for training purposes and public mobilisation in order to bring about attitudinal changes and legal measures. The highlight of the report is the testimony of the children on how they themselves look upon discrimination. The publication also includes international and national ways and means that are available to provide protection of children’s human rights in cases of discriminatory treatment. It brings up the responsibility of the State and the civil society to act in cases of discrimination and encourages the inclusion and participation of the children themselves in the knowledge and exercise of their rights with the aim to prevent and diminish discrimination.

Details: Stockholm: Save the Children Sweden, 2005. 126p.

Source: Internet Resource: accessed May 15, 2013 at: http://resourcecentre.savethechildren.se/library/discrimination-and-human-rights-uruguay-voice-children-and-adolescents-example-good-practice

Year: 2005

Country: Uruguay

Keywords: Child Protection (Uruguay)

Shelf Number: 128739


Author: Munyo, Ignacio

Title: Youth Crime in Latin America: Key Determinants and Effective Public Policy Responses

Summary: Juvenile delinquency is increasing in almost every country in Latin America - a region where citizen security is the main concern. Youth crime is at the forefront of regional social challenges: Scholars, activists and legislators are all debating both causes and potential solutions to this problem. This report tackles the causes of why an increasing number of youths in the region are engaging in criminal activities, by presenting evidence that this phenomenon could be driven by a change in the incentives to commit crime, rather than created as a result of a generation of youths who differ inherently from its predecessors. In order to do so, this report develops a new dynamic framework with which to analyze juvenile crime as a rational choice in which forward-looking youths decide between legal and criminal activities, and their skills are shaped by their past and present choices. In order to quantify the consequences of each decision, this analysis recognizes the effects of on-the-job training, on-the-crime training, the school of crime in correctional facilities and the social stigmatization of conviction. The report extracts lessons from the case of Uruguay, where substantial changes in juvenile crime incentives come hand in hand with an exponential growth in juvenile offending rates that have tripled over the last 15 years. According to the framework presented in this report, four factors can explain most of the spike in juvenile crime in Uruguay. First, an anemic recovery of wages relative to total income after the severe 2002 economic crisis - which lowered the return to legal activities relative to the financial rewards from crime - accounts for 35 percent of the observed variation. Second, the more lenient juvenile crime law passed in 2004 - which substantially reduced the expected punishment of youth offenders - explains another 30 percent of the increase. Third, the dramatic increase in the escape rate from juvenile correctional facilities - which further lowers expected punishment - accounts for 10 percent of the increase in juvenile crime. Finally, the outbreak of a paste cocaine epidemic - which reduces a youth's capacity to project the future - accounts for another 10 percent of the observed increase in juvenile crime between 1997 and 2010. In other words, a rational framework of behavior is able to explain the threefold increase in juvenile crime in Uruguay as the costs associated with criminal activity substantially decreased, and the gains from crime outgrew the rewards from legal activities.

Details: Washington, DC: Brookings Global, Economic and Social Policy in Latin America Initiative, 2013. 26p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 11, 2014 at: http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2013/11/youth%20crime%20in%20latin%20america%20munyo/youth%20crime%20in%20latin%20america%20revised.pdf

Year: 2013

Country: Uruguay

Keywords: Drugs and Crime

Shelf Number: 131858


Author: Bucheli, Marisa

Title: Imparting and Receiving Violence at Home in Uruguay

Summary: The use of moderate physical violence while raising children is an extended practice, accepted as a disciplinary measure. Nevertheless, there is evidence that these practices during childhood produce negative effects in different areas of adult life. This motivates the analysis of the intergenerational transmission of this conduct. We used the survey Encuesta de Situaciones Familiares carried out in 2007 funded by the Research and Innovation National Agency in Uruguay (ANII) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). The main purpose of the ESF was to gather information about marriage and divorce, work, fertility, work, child-rearing and children's welfare outcomes, including education, health, and psycho-social development. In our study for the Uruguayan case, we find that for women, the experience of physical punishment during childhood increases the probability of having similar attitudes when raising one's children. This probability increases when the woman has a positive attitude towards punishment as a disciplinary measure. We do not find similar effects of past experiences in the case of men.

Details: Montevideo, Uruguay: Departamento de Economa (dECON), FCS, Universidad de la Repblica, 2014. 14p.

Source: Internet Resource: Documento No. 07/13: Accessed April 20, 2015 at: http://www.fcs.edu.uy/archivos/0713.pdf

Year: 2014

Country: Uruguay

Keywords: Child Abuse and Neglect

Shelf Number: 134271


Author: Bucheli, Marisa

Title: Attitudes Towards Partner Violence and Gender Roles in Uruguayan Women

Summary: According to World Health Organization (2013), 30% of even-partnered women have experienced either physical or/and sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) in the course of their lives. The incidence of IPV in Latin America and Caribbean region is higher relative to other high income and middle-income countries. This problem is particularly relevant in Uruguay. The empirical literature provides evidence that violence towards partners is more likely among individuals that justify, approve or favor this type of violence. This paper explores the extent to which tolerant attitudes to violence against women are correlated with tolerance to violence against men, and the relation of these attitudes with three factors: a) having experienced violence when a child, b) attitudes to motherhood roles and, c) attitudes to gender roles in society.

Details: Montevideo, Uruguay: Departamento de Economia (dECON), FCS, Universidad de la Republica, 2014. 16p.

Source: Internet Resource: Documento No. 11/14: Accessed April 20, 2015 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2535957

Year: 2014

Country: Uruguay

Keywords: Cycle of Violence

Shelf Number: 135307


Author: Gandelman, Nestor

Title: Juvenile Incarceration and Crime after Release:Evidence from a Harsher Law

Summary: We analyze the impact of longer sentence lengths in juvenile correctional facilities on criminal recidivism, a longstanding discussion. We exploit a quasi-natural experiment given by a recent legal modification in Uruguay. We find that more time in custody, even under very harsh conditions; does not increase future criminal activities. Moreover, in several specifications we find a negative and statistically significant effect on recidivism. This result is robust to different time frames to measure recidivism. Our findings contradict the recent empirical literature that finds opposite effects.

Details: Montevideo: Universidad ORT Uruguay, 2015. 29p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 22, 2015 at: http://www.ridge.uy/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Gandelman-Nestor-Munyo.pdf

Year: 2015

Country: Uruguay

Keywords: Juvenile Detention

Shelf Number: 135333


Author: Munyo, Ignacio

Title: First-Day Criminal Recidivism

Summary: We find that on any given day the number of inmates released from incarceration significantly affects the number of offenses committed that day, and we name this "first-day recidivism." Our estimates are robust to a variety of alternative specifications. We run a series of placebo experiments that further support our causal interpretation of the results. We also find evidence that an increase in the amount of money received by prisoners at the time of their release significantly decreases first-day recidivism, and that first-day recidivism is restricted to crimes with a direct financial motivation. These findings suggest that our results are driven by liquidity constraints.

Details: Buenos Aires: Universidad de SanAndres, 2014. 35p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 22, 2015 at: ftp://webacademicos.udesa.edu.ar/pub/econ/doc113.pdf

Year: 2014

Country: Uruguay

Keywords: Economics and Crime

Shelf Number: 135334


Author: Walsh, John

Title: Uruguay's Drug Policy: Major Innovations, Major Challenges

Summary: Key Findings - Uruguay, the first country to legalize and regulate every level of the market for cannabis, will be an important example globally for political leaders contemplating whether and how to liberalize drug policies. - Even before its return to democracy in 1985, Uruguay had traditionally adopted relatively liberal drug policies. - A combination of political leadership by President Jose "Pepe" Mujica and public unease over rising criminality led Uruguay to pursue drug reform. - Compared to similar cannabis laws in Washington and Colorado, the Uruguayan measure is more state-centered, with less emphasis on commercialization and greater restrictions on use. - Uruguayan public opinion has remained opposed toor at least skeptical of - the law. - Uruguay will have to contend with international criticism and domestic political forces as it moves to implement enabling legislation in 2015. Policy Recommendations - We recommend that the government of Uruguay: Maintain flexibility regarding the cannabis law's key variables, such as market price and potency varieties available to consumers; Adjust the law based on thorough monitoring and evaluation, taking into account academic and civil society analysts; Articulate an enforcement and inspection strategy for the relevant officials; Implement a drug use prevention strategy aimed at youth that does not dissuade users and home-growers from registering with the government; and Better educate the public on the behind the law and what it aims to accomplish.

Details: Washington, DC: Foreign Policy at Brookings, 2016. 19p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 25, 2016 at: http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Papers/2015/04/global-drug-policy/Walsh--Uruguay-final.pdf?la=en

Year: 2016

Country: Uruguay

Keywords: Drug Legalization

Shelf Number: 139156


Author: Munyo, Ignacio

Title: Is it Displacement: Evidence on the Impact of Police Monitoring on Crime

Summary: We exploit detailed information on the location and exact date of installation of police-monitored surveillance cameras plus daily data at the street-segment level on all reported crimes in the city of Montevideo, Uruguay, to study the impact of police monitoring on crime. The incorporation of police-monitored surveillance cameras reduces crime in 85 percent in monitored areas relative to un-monitored areas of the city. Results are robust to alternative definitions of the control group and to a series of robustness checks. We run a series of placebo experiments that reassure that the findings have a causal interpretation. When we analyze aggregate crime, however, we find that total crime remain unchanged, thus indicating that the reduction in crime in police monitored areas of the city is compensated by an increase in crime in other areas of the city.

Details: Unpublished paper, 2016. 30p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 7, 2016 at: http://www.ridge.uy/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Rossi_Martin.pdf

Year: 2016

Country: Uruguay

Keywords: Crime Displacement

Shelf Number: 147895


Author: Trajtenberg, Nico

Title: Towards a more Effective Violence Prevention Policy in Uruguay

Summary: This report presents the results of the Montevideo Project on the Social Development of Children and Youths (m-proso) study, a large representative school-based survey of young people on deviance and violence conducted in Montevideo. The study was funded by the UBS Optimus Foundation and the data was collected by the University of Cambridge and Universidad de la Republica del Uruguay in coordination with the directorial council of the Administracion Nacional de Educacion Publica (ANEP). The main empirical goal of this study was to describe levels of violent victimization and violent behaviour among adolescents in Montevideo. It also aimed to identify major individual, family, school and life-style risk factors associated with victimization and perpetration that can inform the development of a national policy for the prevention of youth violence. To achieve this goal a large representative survey of over 2202 adolescents in grade 9 (i.e. approximately age 15) from public and private high schools was conducted in 2013. The study results can be divided in two main areas: Victimization: - 25% of adolescents have been victims of one of the three types of violence in the past year. Robbery victimizations are most frequent, followed by assault and sexual assault. Most victimizations occur in public space or at school, and are committed by peers of the same age. Only about one out of ten incidents are reported to the police. - The risk of victimization was associated with a number of lifestyle characteristics. Adolescents who go out frequently, consume psychoactive substances, and who engage in delinquent activities are at a greater risk of violent victimization. Also, adolescents with a disability were at a higher risk of victimization, while socio-demographic characteristics were not found to be predictive of victimization. - 28% of adolescents reported experiences of corporal punishment by their parents. Socio-demographic characteristics did not predict the likelihood of corporal punishment. However, the likelihood of corporal punishment was more likely if there was more parental conflict. The experience of corporal punishment was associated with more depressive symptoms. - 20% of adolescents experienced bullying victimization at least once per month. Bullying victims differed from non-victims in several ways: they were more likely to have a poor relationship with classmates and more likely to have academic difficulties. At home they were more likely to experience erratic discipline and parental conflict. Also, adolescents with a disability were found to be more likely to be victimized. - The results of the present study supported findings from international research that different types of victimization tend to be correlated. For example, victims of corporal punishment by their parents were significantly more likely to also experience bullying and violent victimization. Perpetration - 17% of adolescents admitted to having committed at least one act of violence in the past year. 19% of adolescents reported to be involved in a group that threatens, robs or assaults other people. And 13% of adolescents reported that they bullied other adolescents at least once per month. - Different types of violence are strongly correlated in that, for example, adolescents who verbally bully others also tend to be involved in physical fights or robberies committed within a group of other adolescents. Male adolescents are overrepresented for all types of direct aggression, but their predominance is larger for aggression that entails physical force, is more serious, and committed in groups. - Involvement in violence is part of a wider syndrome of adolescent problem behaviours: Violent adolescents are much more likely to also be involvement in non-violent delinquent acts including theft in school, at home or in shops, vandalism and burglary, or drug dealing. They are also more likely to run away from home and to play truant at school. Finally, adolescents involved in violence are much more likely to use alcohol, cannabis, or hard drugs. - Adolescents with a higher involvement in violent acts differed in their personality characteristics from other youth. They were more riskseeking, impulsive, self-centred and short-sighted than non-violent youth; they were more likely to internalize delinquent norms and to reject conventional moral principles; they had lower conflict resolution skills in that they were more likely to react with anger and less likely to understand diferent sides of an argument; and they tend to believe that they are stronger and better fighters than others. - Adolescents involved in physical violence and bullying also differ on school-related characteristics: They were significantly more likely to have been retained at school, to play truant, to have a poor relationship to the teacher and to have a low commitment to do well at school. They were also less likely to accept the authority of teachers and directors. - More violent adolescents tend to live in families where parents were less likely to be involved in joint activities with the young person, that they were less able to efectively supervise the activities of their child, and that they were more likely to use physical punishment as a disciplining strategy. - Finally, aggressive adolescents tend to spend a lot more time playing violent computer games, they are out on the streets more often during night-time and weekends, and they spend this unsupervised time more often in the company of delinquent peers. Finally, based on the aforementioned results and following the WHO public health framework of violence prevention this report provides recommendations on five areas of intervention: enhance parenting support; improve school climate and behaviour management in schools; improve the legitimacy of the police; reduce early access to psychoactive substances and weapons; and reducing street violence and robbery.

Details: Cambridge, UK: University of Cambridge, Institute of Criminology, Violence Research Centre, 2015. 162p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 13, 2016 at: http://www.vrc.crim.cam.ac.uk/vrcresearch/meuruguay/uruguayeng

Year: 2015

Country: Uruguay

Keywords: Juvenile Offenders

Shelf Number: 145077


Author: Ramsey, Geoff

Title: Getting Regulation Right: Assessing Uruguay's Historic Cannabis Initiative

Summary: After close to three years, the final element of Uruguay's historic cannabis law is set to be implemented in early 2017, when commercial sales are expected to begin. While advancements have been slow and deliberate, Uruguay is not alone in taking such a cautious approach. The U.S. state of Maryland, for instance, approved a medical cannabis program in 2013, but a series of careful adjustments has also postponed sales until 2017. Now that the commercial sales element of the law is about be phased in, the government of President Tabaré Vázquez is facing a key moment of opportunity. With the basic structures created by the law soon to be up and running, the government should ensure a robust system of monitoring and evaluation is also in place, to assess whether the cannabis law is in fact achieving its goals, identify problems that may arise, and indicate where and how the new regime may need to be revised. This report, "Getting Regulation Right: Assessing Uruguay’s Historic Cannabis Initiative," lays out the progress that Uruguayan authorities have made in rolling out the law to date. It also examines current monitoring and evaluation efforts underway, as well as opportunities for Uruguay to respond to potential obstacles thus far. Uruguay's government makes no pretense that its law should be a model for others. But Uruguay's leaders also know that, as the first nation to legalize and regulate every level of the cannabis market, their new system will be coming under close scrutiny, at home and abroad. As citizens and leaders elsewhere ponder whether and how to legalize and regulate cannabis in their own countries, the lessons to be learned in Uruguay can help inform cannabis policy well beyond the country's own borders.

Details: Washington, DC: Washington Office on Latin America, 2016. 48p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 20, 2016 at: https://www.wola.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Getting-Regulation-Right-WOLA-Uruguay.pdf

Year: 2016

Country: Uruguay

Keywords: Cannabis

Shelf Number: 147301


Author: Borraz, Fernando

Title: Conditional Cash Transfers and Crime: Higher Income but also Better Loot

Summary: We analyze the impact of conditional cash transfer programs on crime. We present evidence that welfare payments in cash significantly increase criminal activities. We exploit the exogenous increase in the payment and the number of beneficiaries given by a major reformulation of the CCT program in Uruguay. The increase in crime is exclusively observed in property crime suggesting the impact is driven by economic reasons. Our findings suggest that more cash available in the streets improves the loot from crime and thus increases the incentives for criminal activities

Details: Montevideo, Uruguay: Centro de Economía, Sociedad y Empresa, IEEM Business School, Universidad de Montevideo, 2014. 15p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 13, 2017 at: https://editorialexpress.com/cgi-bin/conference/download.cgi?db_name=ESWC2015&paper_id=2662

Year: 2014

Country: Uruguay

Keywords: Conditional Cash Transfers

Shelf Number: 145023


Author: Ramsey, Geoff

Title: Uruguay: Marijuana, Organized Crime and the Politics of Drugs

Summary: Uruguay is poised to become the first country on the planet to regulate the production, sale, distribution, and consumption of marijuana. This report looks at the political, economic, and criminal challenges to Uruguay's new marijuana regulations.

Details: s.l.: Insight Crime, 2013. 16p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 15, 2017 at: http://www.insightcrime.org/images/PDFs/2016/uruguay_legalization.pdf

Year: 2013

Country: Uruguay

Keywords: Drug Control Policy

Shelf Number: 145101


Author: Boidi, Maria Fernanda

Title: Marijuana Legalization in Uruguay and Beyond

Summary: In 2013, Uruguay became the first country in the world to regulate the possession, growth, and distribution of cannabis. The initiative of marijuana regulation by President José Mujica, was passed by the Uruguayan Congress and signed into Law as 19172 by the president in December 20, 2013. The regulation of marijuana, however, has been met with important challenges. According to the AmericasBarometer 2014, over sixty percent of Uruguayan citizens have expressed disagreement with the law. Additionally, leaders within the International Narcotics Control Board have expressed opposition to legalization, characterizing the new law as being in direct defiance of the international drug control treaties. As a result, Uruguay faces both domestic and international opposition in pursuing its innovative marijuana regulation model. This report summarizes the preliminary results from the first systematic research project conducted on the process of marijuana regulation in Uruguay. It revolves around two surveys. First, a Respondent-Driven Sample survey conducted with marijuana consumers in the metropolitan area of Montevideo; and second, the 2014 AmericasBarometer survey in Uruguay conducted by the Latin American Public Opinion Project. The research has been conducted by the Latin American Marijuana Research Initiative (LAMRI), formed by the Latin American and Caribbean Center (LACC) at Florida International University and the Universidad Católica del Uruguay (UCU), with funds from the Open Society Foundations.

Details: Miami: FIU Latin American and Caribbean Center, 2015. 12p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 28, 2017 at: https://lacc.fiu.edu/events/2015/marijuana-legalization-in-uruguay-and-beyond/14561_sipa_marijuana-research_report2-1.pdf

Year: 2015

Country: Uruguay

Keywords: Drug Legalization

Shelf Number: 144608


Author: Munyo, Ignacio

Title: The Effects of Real Exchange Rate Fluctuations on the Gender Wage Gap and Domestic Violence in Uruguay

Summary: In this paper, we bring to light the experiences resulting from the significant depreciation of the Uruguayan real exchange rate between 2002 and 2003, followed by an equally considerable appreciation between 2004 and 2010. We explore the link between these fluctuations and the incidence of domestic violence taking place in Uruguay. The real exchange rate is a measure of the relative price between tradable and nontradable goods. While men are traditionally employed in tradable industries, such as manufacturing, women are more likely to work in nontradable industries, such as the service sector. A change in the real exchange rate, therefore, can affect the potential wages of men differently from those of women. In line with the models that represent household bargaining, an increase in the real exchange rate can generate an increase in the bargaining power of men relative to that of women within the household. We present evidence that it raises the frequency of domestic violence. This holds true in rich and poor areas of the city.

Details: Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank, 2015. 21p.

Source: Internet Resource: IDB WORKING PAPER SERIES No. IDB-WP-618 : Accessed May 1, 2017 at: https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/7211/ICS_WP_Effects_Real_Exchange_Rate_Fluctuations_on_Gender_Wage_Gap_and_Domestic_Violence_Uruguay.pdf?sequence=1

Year: 2015

Country: Uruguay

Keywords: Domestic Violence

Shelf Number: 145222


Author: Hudak, John

Title: Uruguay's cannabis law: Pioneering a new paradigm

Summary: Uruguay is the first country to legalize and regulate its domestic non-medical cannabis market. In light of this pioneering role, the choices and experiences of Uruguayan authorities hold important lessons for other jurisdictions that may consider whether and how to regulate cannabis. Uruguay's breakthroughs and challenges related to banking, international treaties, access to the product, enforcement, medical cannabis, tourism, and research and evaluation in particular hold immense value to policymakers and analysts elsewhere. To this end, this report examines the conditions that led Uruguay's government to pass its cannabis law in 2013, studies its progress so far, and identifies areas that policymakers should consider addressing in order to maximize the law's potential benefits.

Details: Washington, DC: WOLA, Center for Effective Public Management at Brookings, 2018. 24p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 6, 2018 at: https://www.wola.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/gs_032118_Uruguays-cannabis-law_FINAL.pdf

Year: 2018

Country: Uruguay

Keywords: Cannabis

Shelf Number: 149717


Author: Pulido Moreno, Rodrigo

Title: Cannabis in Uruguay. A case study of the regulated cannabis market in Uruguay

Summary: This study deals with the impact of the legislative bill that enabled the creation of a regulated cannabis market in Uruguay as a means to combat organized crime in the country. This study will also explore the hypothesis that this legislative bill changed the legal character of criminality as well as reformulating narcotic issues from being a criminal issue into a public health issue. Analyzing the very specific case of Uruguay's current narcotic policies becomes a means to explore the ideas that constitute Law Nr 19.172 "Marijuana and its derivatives" which might be indicative of the attitudes in society regarding criminality. This ties into the new iteration of the dichotomy between law and democracy as a result of this legislative reform in Uruguay and the possible new role of legal theory in a democratic country which is discussed in this article.

Details: Stockholm: Department of Romance Studies and Classics Institute of Latin American Studies, University of Stockholm, 2017. 31p.

Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed April 17, 2018 at: http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1069404/FULLTEXT01.pdf

Year: 2017

Country: Uruguay

Keywords: Cannabis

Shelf Number: 149841


Author: Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID)

Title: Como evitar el delito urbano? el Programa de Alto Dedicacion Operativa en la nueva Policia uruguaya

Summary: Robbery with violence is one of the main crimes that afflicts the region, and possibly the one that contributes the most to citizen insecurity. An effective police strategy to prevent it is the police deployment in hot spots, that is to say in places and times where there is a greater criminal concentration. The objective is to deter crime where there are particularly attractive opportunities to commit it. Although there is a robust scientific evidence base showing the effectiveness of these programs in the northern countries, their diffusion in Latin America and the Caribbean is limited and still incipient. In 2016, the Ministry of the Interior of Uruguay launched the High Dedication Operative Program (PADO), a preventive patrol police program focused on hot spots. This book examines this program in depth. First, it contextualizes the PADO within the framework of the Uruguayan police reform. Second, it explores the background of criminal analysis in the National Police of Uruguay and the main transformations that led to the creation of the PADO. Finally, it presents the results of the first impact evaluation of the program, which shows a 22% reduction in the incidence rate of robbery in the city of Montevideo.

Details: Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, Ministerio del Interior de la Repblica Oriental del Uruguay, 2018. 192p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 27, 2018 at: https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/8858/Como-evitar-el-delito-urbano-el-programa-de-alta-dedicacion-operativa-en-la-nueva-policia-uruguaya.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Year: 2018

Country: Uruguay

Keywords: Crime Prevention

Shelf Number: 151271


Author: Aboal, Diego

Title: Los costos del crimen en Uruguay

Summary: In this paper we estimate some of the costs associated with crime and violence in Uruguay. The method used is that of cost accounting. Considered costs include security and prevention of crime, justice, imprisonment and rehabilitation of inmates, costs of stolen property, health costs and loss of lives as a result of the violence and costs associated with the loss of productive time in prison of the inmates. For this we have used a variety of sources of information and methodologies. Even though we have covered a significant range of costs, we have not covered the universe of them due to information limitations. Therefore, our estimates should be interpreted as a minimum level. The total cost estimated for 2010 reaches 4% of Uruguay's GDP.

Details: Centro de Investigaciones Economicas - Uruguay, 2013. 50p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 12, 2018 at: https://www.bcu.gub.uy/Comunicaciones/Jornadas%20de%20Economa/t_campanella_jorge_2014.pdf

Year: 2013

Country: Uruguay

Keywords: Costs of Crime

Shelf Number: 151501


Author: Munyo, Ignacio

Title: Police-Monitored Cameras and Crime

Summary: We study the impact of police monitoring on crime. We exploit detailed information on location and date of installation of police-monitored surveillance cameras coupled with data at the street-segment level on all reported crimes in the city of Montevideo, Uruguay. We find that the introduction of police-monitored surveillance cameras reduces crime by about 20 percent in monitored areas relative to a pure control group located outside of the city. We further report that unmonitored areas of the city also benefit from a reduction in crime, thus indicating the presence of positive spillovers effects.

Details: Argentina: Universidad de San Andres, 2018. 29p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 1, 2018 at: https://ideas.repec.org/p/sad/wpaper/126.html

Year: 2018

Country: Uruguay

Keywords: Crime

Shelf Number: 153142


Author: Musto, Clara

Title: Regulating Cannabis Markets. The construction of an innovative drug policy in Uruguay

Summary: Since a global War on Drugs was waged around forty years ago, many things changed in the Americas. Overall, by 2013, the manufacture, distribution and sale of illegal drugs widespread throughout these continents. Along with this rising market, the rising severity of convictions and expanded incarceration of the War on Drugs efforts led to increasingly overloaded penal systems. In this unequal region of the world, illegal drug markets expanded hand in hand with violence. Because of being the most widely cultivated, trafficked and used illicit drug, a new generation of cannabis policies seems to be emerging from this critical state of affairs, either pushed by popular referendums or as an attempt to lower the burden on the criminal justice system. In some cases, cannabis use offences were pulled out of the criminal sphere into the administrative one, in order to create a more suitable legal framework for policy interventions. In The Netherlands, cannabis was de facto legalized through dispensaries euphemistically called "coffeeshops", relying on a discretionary enforcement of the law. Recent United States referendum-driven changes to legalize cannabis selling have forced to a conspicuous inconsistency between nationally endorsed prohibitions and locally arranged regulations. Within this increasingly diverse policy landscape, Uruguay surprised the world in December 2013, becoming the first nation in extensively regulating cannabis. Behind the approval of this law, an odd and conflictive combination of national civil society representatives, legislative and executive power entrepreneurs and transnational networks conflated, to make cannabis regulation happen. Based on a ten years following of this political process, in this thesis, the nuts and bolts of Uruguayan reform are exposed. I show how political actors framed the problem of illegal cannabis in different ways and how this had significant connotations for the adoption of alternative policy designs. Causal process tracing is used to relate these dissimilar approaches to politics moral foundations and macro level factors, such as the rapid secularization process that Uruguay was going through or the resilience of increasing crime rates in economically prosperous societies. Further on, I show how this politically led change helps to understand important peculiarities of the implementation process. Accordingly, the selection of this case study attempts to contribute to the ongoing debate around how to improve drug policy under the assumption that in order to suggest alternative policies or alternative ways of making policy, it is essential to try to understand how policy is made in the first place.

Details: Utrecht, NETH: Utrecht University, 2018. 173p.

Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed Dec. 6, 2018 at: https://dspace.library.uu.nl

Year: 2018

Country: Uruguay

Keywords: Cannabis

Shelf Number: 153929