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Date: April 25, 2024 Thu
Time: 8:30 am
Time: 8:30 am
Results for athletics
2 results foundAuthor: Alpert, Geoff Title: Examining the Prevalence and Impact of Gangs in College Athletic Programs Using Multiple Sources: A Final Report Summary: Gangs in the United States have permeated areas and institutions previously unaffected by these anti-social and particularly violent youth groups until recent decades. Their geographic expansion has been documented by a substantial body of research that has focused primarily on the prevalence and impact of youth gangs in major American cities (e.g., Curry, Ball, & Fox, 1994; Miller, 1975). Contemporary research has demonstrated that these youth gangs have spread rapidly (e.g., Egley, Howell, & Moore, 2010; Klein, 1995) and the latest estimates provided by the 2008 National Youth Gang Survey suggest that approximately 27,900 gangs with 774,000 members exist in the United States (Egley, Howell, & Moore, 2010). The negative impact of youth gangs has also been well-established. Gang members have been disproportionately involved in delinquent and criminal activities as both offenders (Thornberry, 1998) and victims (Curry, Decker, & Egley, 2002; Peterson, Taylor, & Esbensen, 2004). Most notable has been their representation in violent crimes including homicides (Curry, Egley, & Howell, 2004; Miller, 1982; Tita & Abrahamse, 2004). Fortunately, most gang-involved youth have a relatively short duration of membership (Esbensen, Huizinga, & Weiher, 1993; Hill, Lui, & Hawkins, 2001; Thornberry, Krohn, Lizotte, & Chard-Wierschem, 1993) and interventions are focused on those stages in the life course during which the onset and continuity of gang activities is most likely to be established. Recent research has also examined the infiltration of youth gangs into various social institutions that serve youths and young adults in the United States. The existence of gangs in America’s schools has been repeatedly documented (e.g., Howell & Lynch, 2000; Tromanhauser, Corcoran, & Lollino, 1981) and these groups have negatively impacted individual students and the school as an organization (Burnett & Walz, 1994; Howell & Lynch, 2000; Hutchison & Kyle, 1993). In fact, there is a strong relationship between gangs and school crime (Burnett & Walz, 1994; Howell & Lynch, 2000), dropout rates (Hutchison & Kyle, 1993), and other anti-social outcomes. The problems posed by these groups in the larger communities served by those schools have created an inter-generational cycle of academic failure and criminal involvement. The presence of gangs in schools is not surprising considering the typical ages of gang members and the compulsory nature of our educational system. Gangs in the military, however, are counter-intuitive considering the structured and selective nature of this institution but their presence has been reported (United States Army, 2006; National Gang Intelligence Center, 2007). Youth gang members as student athletes in colleges and universities have surprised even the most attentive observers. This reality is startling considering that gang membership has been correlated with academic failure (Esbensen & Deschenes, 1998; Hill, Howell, Hawkins, & Battin-Pearson, 1999; Thornberry, Krohn, Lizotte, Smith, & Tobin, 2003) and serious criminal involvement as offenders (Curry, Egley, & Howell, 2004; Miller, 1982; Thornberry, 1998; Tita & Abrahamse, 2004). That said, media reports have documented that gang members have been recruited by college athletic programs (e.g., Davidson, 1986; Grumment, 1993; Hooper, 1997; LiCari & Hall, 1994; Schlabach, 2000) and a few reports have portrayed these student-athletes as involved with crimes including homicide (e.g., Berkin, 2004; Mushnick, 2004, Bosworth, 1991; and Radford, 2009), and as victims (e.g., Faught, 2003; Johnson, 2007). Interestingly, no systematic research has examined the extent of gangs in college athletic programs, an institution that is ubiquitous in American society. The purpose of the current study is to examine the prevalence and impact of ganginvolved student-athletes participating in collegiate athletic programs. First, we present a review of the existing literature regarding gangs generally as well as in several institutions to establish the context for our study of gang membership in college athletics. Next, the methodology of the present study is discussed, followed by the findings provided by college athletes, athletic department administrators, and campus law enforcement executives. These findings provide the first systematic examination of gangs in college sports from several sources that have first-hand knowledge of these programs and individuals. Lastly, policy implications of this study are presented. Details: Unpublished report to the U.S. National Institute of Justice, 2011. 86p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 12, 2013 at: http://artsandsciences.sc.edu/crju/pdfs/gangs_and_student_athletes_final.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://artsandsciences.sc.edu/crju/pdfs/gangs_and_student_athletes_final.pdf Shelf Number: 127919 Keywords: AthletesAthleticsCampus CrimeColleges and UniversitiesSportsYouth Gangs (U.S.) |
Author: Jetter, Michael Title: Good Girl, Bad Boy: Corrupt Behavior in Professional Tennis Summary: This paper identifies matches on the male and female professional tennis tours in which one player faces a high payoff from being "on the bubble" of direct entry into one of the lucrative Grand Slam tournaments, while their opposition does not. Analyzing over 378,000 matches provides strong evidence for corrupt behavior on the men's tour, as bubble players are substantially more likely to beat better ranked opponents when a win is desperately needed. However, we find no such evidence on the women's tour. These results prevail throughout a series of extensions and robustness checks, highlighting gender differences regarding corrupt and unethical behavior, but also concerning collusion. We especially find evidence for collusion once monetary incentives are further increased. Finally, the market for sports betting does not seem to be aware of this phenomenon, suggesting a market imperfection and further confirming our suspicion of irregular activities in men's tennis. Details: Bonn, Germany: Institute for the Study of Labor, 2015. 35p. Source: Internet Resource: IZA Discussion Paper No. 8824: Accessed September 14, 2016 at: http://ftp.iza.org/dp8824.pdf Year: 2015 Country: International URL: http://ftp.iza.org/dp8824.pdf Shelf Number: 147865 Keywords: AthleticsCheatingSporting EventsSports Betting |