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Results for ethnicity

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Author: Neild, Rachel

Title: Ethnic Profiling in the European Union: Pervasive, Ineffective, and Discriminatory

Summary: Ethnic profiling - a longstanding practice that has increased since 9/11 - is pervasive in the European Union. In France and Italy, raids on homes, businesses, and mosques - often lacking a basis in specific evidence - have targeted Muslims. In Germany, police have used preventative powers to conduct mass identity checks outside major mosques. And in the United Kingdom, stops and searches of British Asians shot up five-fold after the July 2005 London Underground bomb attacks. This work examines the scope of ethnic profiling, showing how police officers in the U.K., France, Italy, Germany, and the Netherlands routinely use generalizations about race, ethnicity, religion, or national origin when deciding whom to target for stops, searches, raids, and surveillance. The report analyzes ethnic profiling both in ordinary policing and in counterterrorism, and finds that it is not just a violation of European laws and international human rights norms - it is also an ineffective use of police resources that leaves the public less safe. The damage from ethnic profiling - to the rule of law, to effective law enforcement, to police-community relations, and especially to those who are targeted - is considerable. In addition to providing a comprehensive examination of ethnic profiling and considering the legality of the practice, this report offers effective alternatives that increase security, advance counterterrorism efforts, and respect human rights.

Details: New York: Open Society Institute, 2009

Source:

Year: 2009

Country: United States

URL:

Shelf Number: 115354

Keywords:
Ethnicity
Police Behavior
Profiling

Author: Schoenberger, Nicole Ann

Title: The Effect of Marriage and Employment on Criminal Desistance: The Influence of Race

Summary: Life course theorists argue that key transitions such as marriage and employment heavily influence criminal desistance in adulthood among those who committed delinquent acts during their adolescence. Laub and Sampson (1993), authors of the dominant life course theory in criminology, adhere to the general principle of social bonding: if an individual has weak bonds to society, he or she will have an increased chance of committing crime. Consequentially, the prosocial bonds formed in adulthood through marriage and employment will increase the likelihood of criminal desistance. Although much research supports this notion, race has generally been left out of the discourse. Laub and Sampson (1993), in fact, note that their life course theory is race-neutral. For this and other reasons, very few researchers have examined whether and how race plays a role within life course theory. This is surprising insofar as race is an important correlate of crime, marriage, employment, and other life course transitions that are associated with criminal desistance. Because of this potentially serious omission in the research literature, the current study uses data from Waves 1, 2 and 4 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) to examine differences in the effect of marriage and employment on desistance among 3,479 Black, Hispanic, and White men. Results show that classic life theory applies to Whites, but less so to Blacks and Hispanics. For Black men, having a job for five years or longer is the strongest predictor of criminal desistance, while the most salient factor for desistance among Hispanic men is being in a cohabiting union. For White men, being in a high quality marriage and being employed full time are both strong predictors of desistance. This research also examines several factors that are not adequately addressed in the existing literature on life course theory such as the effect of cohabitation, marital timing, and job loss. The data show that cohabiting unions increase the likelihood of adult criminality among Hispanic men. Furthermore, cohabiting prior to marriage and marrying at earlier ages increases the likelihood of adult criminality among married men. In regard to employment, the loss of a job through either being fired or being laid off increases the likelihood of adult criminality for White men, those aged 30 or older, and among higher SES respondents. The results also show that age and social class influence the effect that several life course factors have on desistance. For instance, cohabitation is a significant predictor of adult criminality among lower SES respondents, while a high quality marriage is an important predictor among higher SES respondents. Similarly, the analyses showed that having a job was a strong predictor of desistance among 24-26 year olds, while job loss was most salient among those aged 30 or older. Overall, the results from this study show that the specific mechanisms of desistance are somewhat different for each race, and that they vary by both age and social class. The implication of these findings is that life course theory is not entirely race neutral, and that it must be sensitive to how the influence of life course factors on desistance are conditioned by these important demographic variables.

Details: Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University, 2012. 153p.

Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed March 5, 2013 at: http://etd.ohiolink.edu/view.cgi?acc_num=bgsu1339560808

Year: 2012

Country: United States

URL: http://etd.ohiolink.edu/view.cgi?acc_num=bgsu1339560808

Shelf Number: 127849

Keywords:
Age
Desistance
Employment
Ethnicity
Life Course
Marriage
Offenders
Race
Social Class

Author: Neild, Rachel

Title: Reducing Ethnic Profiling in the European Union: A Handbook of Good Practices

Summary: Ethnic profiling by police in Europe is a widespread form of discrimination. By focusing on appearance rather than behavior, police who engage in ethnic profiling violate basic human rights norms. Ethnic profiling is also inefficient: it leads police to focus on racial and ethnic traits rather than genuine indicators of suspicion, and results in stopping and searching large numbers of innocent people. Fortunately, better alternatives exist— approaches to policing that are more fair and more effective. This handbook documents those approaches and provides guidance for police officers, other law enforcement officials, and policymakers in how to reduce ethnic profiling. The guidelines and case studies set forth in the following pages are intended to help cut down on discrimination and increase police efficacy. Ethnic profiling is the practice of using ethnicity, race, national origin, or religion as a basis for making law enforcement decisions about persons believed to be involved in criminal activity. Ethnic profiling can result from discriminatory decision-making by individual law enforcement officers, or from law enforcement policies and practices that have a disproportionate impact on specific groups without any legitimate law enforcement purpose. It is often the result of beliefs deeply-ingrained in individual law enforcement officers and even whole institutions and the societies in which they operate. While not a new phenomenon, ethnic profiling has increased in the European Union in recent years because of two factors: (1) rising concern about illegal immigration into and movement of undocumented migrants within the European Union, and (2) the threat posed by terrorism in the aftermath of September 11th terrorist attack in the United States and the subsequent March 2003 terrorist bombings in Madrid and July 2005 bombings in London. These trends are described in detail in the Open Society Justice Initiative’s 2009 report Ethnic Profiling in the European Union: Pervasive, Ineffective, and Discriminatory. The United Nations, the Council of Europe, and the European Commission have highlighted ethnic profiling as a particular area of concern with respect to discriminatory policing practices. International human rights monitoring bodies have likewise highlighted ethnic profiling as an area of concern. The first step in addressing ethnic profiling is to admit its existence and recognize its discriminatory nature. The next step is deciding what to do about it. The final step is implementing new policies and practices that reduce ethnic profiling and replace it with more reasoned and effective procedures. Reducing Ethnic Profiling in the European Union aims to assist in this process by offering diagnostic questions, providing ideas and models of proven good practice, and identifying challenges and impediments to reform. It is the result of a thorough review of existing laws and relevant academic literature, field testing of specific reforms, and extensive interactions with state authorities, law enforcement agencies, civil society organizations, and local ethnic minority communities across the EU. Ethnic profiling is not an easy issue to resolve. Law enforcement agencies may feel that a focus on ethnic profiling unfairly singles them out as racist. For ethnic minority persons and communities, discussions of ethnic profiling highlight stereotypes about minorities and offending. But while discussions of discrimination and racism are never easy, reducing ethnic profiling can be a win-win proposition that benefits law enforcement agencies and the many communities they serve. Both research and first-hand experience—exemplified in the case studies throughout this handbook—demonstrate that adopting good practices not only supports fairer policing but can also improve the effectiveness of law enforcement. This handbook provides a wide-ranging review of current efforts to reduce ethnic profiling and support non-discriminatory law enforcement. Its numerous case studies examine: non-discriminatory standards established in legal instruments and operational guidelines, research and monitoring methodologies, institutional practices that create non-discriminatory workplaces that reflect the societies they serve, and models of community outreach and engagement. The case studies and explanatory text aim to provide clear and practical support to all those seeking to understand the dynamics and reduce the frequency of ethnic profiling. Taken together, they offer a holistic approach to law enforcement that does not discriminate.

Details: New York: Open Society Foundations, 2012. 232p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 30, 2013 at: http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/reducing-ep-in-EU-12172012_0.pdf

Year: 2012

Country: Europe

URL: http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/reducing-ep-in-EU-12172012_0.pdf

Shelf Number: 128178

Keywords:
Discrimination
Ethnicity
Police Behavior
Racial Profiling

Author: Sohal, (Alex) Hardip

Title: Identifying Intimate Partner Violence in Different Ethnic Groups in Primary Care -- A Systematic Review and Secondary Data Analysis

Summary: Background Intimate partner violence (IPV), including physical, sexual and emotional violence, causes short and long term ill-health. Brief questions that can identify women from different ethnic groups experiencing IPV who present in clinical settings are a prerequisite for an appropriate response from health services to this substantial public health problem. Aim: To examine the evidence for the validity of questions trying to identify IPV in different ethnic groups and to determine whether their validity varies between ethnic groups. Methods Design: A systematic review and the secondary data analysis of a cross-sectional survey of four questions (HARK) identifying IPV in a primary care sample. Main outcome measures: Systematic review - for each set of index questions identified, diagnostic accuracy indices, correlation coefficients, reliability measures, validity evidence based on response processes and test content were analysed and interpreted. Secondary data analysis - diagnostic indices for IPV and its dimensions in three ethnic groups were calculated for the four HARK questions combined and for the individual HARK questions. 4 Results Systematic review - there is no evidence of questions valid for identifying IPV in specific ethnic groups, including white groups. Secondary data analysis - the optimal HARK cut off score of ≥ 1 was unaffected by the participants‟ ethnicity. The diagnostic indices generated using the HARK cut off of ≥ 1 remained at a high level, in all three ethnic groups. There were no significant ethnic differences in the diagnostic indices of the four combined and individual HARK questions‟ ability at identifying either IPV or its dimensions. Conclusion From the systematic review and secondary data analysis, there is no evidence that questions‟ validity for identifying IPV varies significantly between different ethnic groups. The secondary data analysis does provide evidence that four questions (the HARK) can identify IPV in self-classified UK census categories of African- Caribbean, south Asian, and white groups.

Details: London: University of London, 2011. 296p.

Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed June 30, 2014 at: https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/2350

Year: 2011

Country: United Kingdom

URL: https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/2350

Shelf Number: 132566

Keywords:
Domestic Violence
Ethnicity
Intimate Partner Violence
Violence Against Women

Author: Great Britain. Cabinet Office

Title: Race Disparity Audit: Summary Findings from the Ethnicity Facts and Figures Website

Summary: Introduction 1.1 The Prime Minister announced the Race Disparity Audit in August 2016 with a view to shining a light on how people of different ethnicities are treated across public services by publishing data held by the Government. Review and prioritisation of the data 1.2 An initial review required all Government Departments to identify what data they held on UK public services that could be analysed by ethnicity. The review identified a vast amount of information, some of which is already published and some that had not yet been analysed for ethnic differences. The data identified by the Audit was very varied in quality and depth. It spanned the Census, published official statistics, numerous Government surveys and Departments' own administrative records. 1.3 Some datasets have been prioritised for inclusion in the first release. The intention is that others will follow in due course. The criteria for prioritising data reflected its quality, readiness, manageability and relevance to key concerns identified by users of the data, including members of the public, non-Governmental organisations (NGOs), public services and Government Departments themselves. The emphasis was on opening up data to the public where it was reasonably reliable, with caveats as necessary. 1.4 Ongoing and wide-ranging consultation with potential users of data has helped identify questions of public interest and concern, and to understand how to present the data objectively and meaningfully in a way that makes sense to users and commands their confidence. This has included roundtable discussions with NGOs, public service providers and academics, and engagement with the public from a range of ethnic and demographic backgrounds, experts in research and statistics, and government policy officials and analysts.

Details: London: Cabinet Office, 2017. 60p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 17, 2017 at: https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/static/race-disparity-audit-summary-findings.pdf

Year: 2017

Country: United Kingdom

URL: https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/static/race-disparity-audit-summary-findings.pdf

Shelf Number: 147714

Keywords:
Ethnicity
Inequality
Racial Disparities